Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Переведите пожалуйста, очень нужно The objective of the criminal law is to protect the community.
There are several different types of crimes.
For example, there are offences against the person such as assault ; offences against property such as theft ; and offences against public order such as riot.
Civil cases are cases taken by individual people or businesses in order to claim or enforce a right.
There are different types of civil cases.
For example, there may be a breach of contract or there may be a claim for damage done through the negligence of another person (this is known as a civil wrong or tort).
Usually the person making the claim wants money to compensate for what has happened.
However, there are other special remedies which can be given.
In civil cases the main purpose is to investigate disputes between the parties and decide whether the defendant is liable to pay compensation.
There is no punishment involved.
Civil law is generally compensatory.
Civil proceedings, as a private matter, can be ended by settlement between the parties at any time.
Actions brought to the court are usually tried without a jury.
Higher courts deal with more complicated civil cases.
Most judgments are for sums of money and the costs of the prosecution are generally paid by the party losing it.
The name of the case will usually tell you if the case is criminal or civil.
The letter "R" stands for Rex (which means King) or Regina (which means Queen), showing that the case has been started by the State.
The small letter "v" between the names means "versus" (against).
In the civil cases the surname of the person starting the case is given first, then the surname of the person he is suing (taking the case against).
If a company is involved in a case, then the company's name is used.
In Anglo - American law, the party bringing a criminal action (in most cases it is the state) is called the prosecution.
The legal term for the person starting the civil case is the claimant (previously plaintiff).
In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant.
Another important difference between civil and criminal cases is what is called the burden of proof or the standard to which the case has to be proved.
In criminal cases this standard is a high one, beyond reasonable doubt, since a conviction could result in the defendant going to prison for a long time (or, in some countries, executed).
In civil cases the standard is lower, on the balance of probabilities.
This is because the judge has to decide for one party or the other and so he considers all the evidence and gives judgment for the party which he thinks is most probably right.
Sometimes one action can be in breach of two types of law.
This gives rise to what is known as double liability.
It means that two separate court cases may take place.
Double liability can occur wherever there is a crime and, in the course of this crime, an individual's rights were affected.
It most often hap pens where there is a road traffic offence (involving criminal law) and someone is injured as a result so that he or she wants to claim damages (under the law of torts).
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VIII.
Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках : 1.
In criminal law the state .
(to start) a criminal action.
2. There .
(to be) disagreements between individuals and their property.
3. Criminal law .
(to regulate) relations between citizens and the state.
4. In civil law an individual .
(to start) a civil action.
5. The other party in both cases .
(to be) the defendant.
Заранее спасибо))).
Перевод текста HOW DO CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAWS DIFFER?
Перевод текста HOW DO CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAWS DIFFER?
When the private legal rights of an individual are violated, the matter is governed by civil law.
It applies whenever one person has a right to sue another person.
An example of such a situation is when a tenant fails to pay the rent.
The police will not investigate civil conflicts.
When a person violates certain duties to society and disturbs public peace and order, the violation is governed by criminal law.
The government, acting in the name of all people, investigates, prosecutes, and tries to fine or imprison the alleged wrongdoer.
Generally, when a crime occurs, private rights of the individual victim are violated at the same time.
Thus, the civil law may also apply.
The victim of the crime may, therefore, sue the wrongdoer but seldom does because it is usually difficult to collect damages from criminals.
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Помогите пожалуйста!
Most barristers are professional advocates earning their living by the presentation of civil and criminal cases in court.
A barrister must be capable of prosecuting in a criminal case one day, and defending an accused person the next, or of preparing the pleadings and taking the case for a plaintiff in a civil action one day, and doing the same for a defendant the next.
Необходимо определить часть речи слов в суффиксом ing.
Помогите перевести текст очень срочно In some countries such as France (where there are 9 jurors), the judgesand jurors decide the case together?
Помогите перевести текст очень срочно In some countries such as France (where there are 9 jurors), the judgesand jurors decide the case together.
In the United States juries decide if the defendant is guilty but sometimes also have a say in what punishment he should receive.
Before World War II, Japan also had a jury system, but it was often criticized for the ease with which jurors could be bribed.
Now Japan, like South Korea, is a rare example of a modern industrialized country where jurors are not used : all decisions are made by professional judges.
Most countries have special rules for young defendants.
Children under ten cannot stand trial at all under English law.
Juveniles (those under seventeen) are dealt with in special Magistrates Courts known as Juvenile Courts.
A defendant found guilty by the magistrates may appeal against the finding or against the punishment to the local Crown Court, and the CrownСourt judge will hear the appealwithout a jury.
If a defendant has good reason to believe the magistrates have made a mistake about a point of law, then he may appeal to the High Court.
The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but there are cases of the prosecution successfully appealing for a more severepunishment.
In Japan it is even possible for the prosecution to appeal that a non - guilty decision be changed to guilty.
Appeals from the Crown Court go first to the High Court and, in special cases, to the Court of Appeal.
Occasionally, a case is carried through this system of appeal all the way to the House of Lords.
In many countries, such as Japan and United States, the highest juridical decisions are made by a Supreme Court.
Its members are appointed from the lower courts by the government.
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Переведите пожалуйста.
The legal system in the United Kingdom (UK) The study of law distinguishes between public law and private law, but in legal practice in the UK the distinction between civil law and criminal law is more important to practising lawyers.
Public law relates to the state.
It is concerned with laws which govern processes in local and national government and conflicts between the individual and the state in areas such as immigration and social security.
Private law is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is, individuals and corporations, and includes family law, contract law and property law.
Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves punishment, for example murder and theft.
The state prosecutes the offender.
Civil law concerns relationships between, private persons, their rights, and their duties.
It is also concerned with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for compensation or an injunction – an order made by the court.
However, each field of law tends to overlap with others.
For example, a road accident case may lead to a criminal prosecution as well as a civil action for compensation.
Нужен перевод, только более менее адекватный и понятный)то есть желательно без переводчика ( THE MAGISTRATES The magistrates have always been important and local people, who can be relied on?
Нужен перевод, только более менее адекватный и понятный)то есть желательно без переводчика ( THE MAGISTRATES The magistrates have always been important and local people, who can be relied on.
They are abpcinted by the Lord Chancellor in the name of the Queen.
What work do the magistrates do?
It is all criminal, save for a few little buts of civil law.
As for their criminal work, it comes auto both the two main sections into which our procedure divides the cases, vis : the small charges that can be and are disposed or in one court, the magistrates court, at one go, and the other more serious charges, called indictable because the come to trial before a superior court, before a jury, and are preceded by a formal accusation called an indictment, after previous investigation before the magistrates.
In England, minor cases are tried before the magistrates, before the magistrates, sitting without a jury (but with at least two magistrates), in courts which are held in nearly every town.
There are officially called «petty sessional courts» but normally «magistrates courts» or «police courts».
All minor cases are tried and disposed or by the untrained magistrates (with a right of appeal only to other magistrates in Quarter Sessions).
Nor are the magistrates confinec to the minor cases.
Every major case, which if it comes to tmal will be beard before a jury at either Quarter Sessions or at the Assizes or the Central Criminal Court, must start with the judicial enquiry, which takes the form of a public bearing or evidence before the magistrates.
STAGES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY.
As rule, premeditated criminal activity consists of several stages preparation, attempt and commission.
Preparation of a crime is the search for or adaptation of means or instruments, or any other premeditated creation of conditions for the commission of a crime.
Preparation of a crime is generally a punishable offence.
But in determining the penalty, the court must take into consideration the extent of the danger to society involved in the preparation, the degree to which the criminal intent has been put into effect, and the causes that prevented the full commission of the crime.
In casso where the person plotting a crime has not gone beyond the preparations, the court usually imposes a milder penalty or none at all.
An attempt is a premeditated act directly aimed at the commission of a crime but not completed for reasons not depending on the will of the guilty person.
An attempt is a punishable offence.
But in determining the penalty the court also take into considerations the character and the degree of the danger to society info vet in the act committed by the guilty person, the degree to which the criminal intent has been put into effect, and the causes that prevent the full commission or the crime.
A crime is considered as committed when the guilty person has performed the act constraining the corpus delicti of crime.
Desisting from completion of a crime is possible in the stages of preparation and attempt when a person having the possibility of completing the crime of his own free will abandons his criminal intent before its completion.
He is then responsible only if the act performed by him contains the corpus delicti of another crime.
Rewrite the following sentences as in the example : Example : We live in the city which was founded more than 1, 500 years ago?
Rewrite the following sentences as in the example : Example : We live in the city which was founded more than 1, 500 years ago.
— We live in the city founded more than 1, 500 years ago.
1. Money bills which are concerned with taxation are always introduced by the Commons.
2. The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the USA which is known as the Bill of Rights were adopted in 1971.
3. There are 91 districts courts and special courts which all were established by the Congress of the USA.
4. English medieval law which is administered by courts reflected the «common» traditions and customs of the USA.
5. The common law is not based on the principle of deciding cases by reference to written statutes.
6. The civil law which is found in continental Europe can be contrasted to the common5law system.
7. The jury which is selected from local citizens applies the law to reach a verdict.
8. The interpretation of law which is made by appellate courts forms the precedents that govern future cases.
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод The third branch of the government is judicial?
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод The third branch of the government is judicial.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the U.
S. It sits in the Supreme Court Building in Washington.
The words «Equal Justice Under Law» are written above the main entrance of the building.
The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice (главный судья) of the USA and eight Associate Justices.
They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress or any other issued by the President.
The right of veto is widely used.
The USA is divided into eleven judicial circuits and each one is served with a Federal Court of Appeals.
There are about ninety district courts in different parts of the country.
The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal Court system.
Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
In the district court where trials are held, juries are used and witnesses are called.
Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in one of the eleven Courts of Appeal and in the Supreme Court.
The decision of the Supreme Court is final.
In the US the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary.
Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is.
Переведите пожалуйста текст?
Переведите пожалуйста текст.
The Law of Torts.
The law of “tort” is essentially the law of injuries and remedies for those injuries.
Torts can thus include assault, battery, false imprisonment, negligence, invasion of privacy, defamation, fraud, trespass and other wrongs.
Some of these wrongs may be both civil and criminal in nature.
A battery, for example, may be prosecuted by the state as a violation of the criminal statutes.
The offender may be sentenced to prison and be ordered to pay a fine to the state.
In some cases, he may also be ordered to pay restitution to the victim.
However, the battery may also be a civil tort as well.
The victim (the plaintiff) may sue in civil court for the tort of battery.
If the plaintiff is successful, the defender will be ordered to pay compensatory damages (to compensate for the injury) and punitive damages (to punish the defendant far having caused the act).
In the United States, it is commonly believed that courts will enter punitive damages in an amount that is roughly three times the size of the compensatory damages (which are sometimes called the “special damages” by plaintiff’s lawyers).
Thus, the essential purpose of the law of torts is compensatory and, though punitive damages may occasionally be awarded, its function is distinct from that of criminal law.
Criminal law is essentially punitive and an injured party is not awarded compensation in the criminal proceedings.
ПОМОГИТЕ С ПЕРЕВОДОМ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА?
ПОМОГИТЕ С ПЕРЕВОДОМ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА!
The lawyers of different countries differ widely from one another.
The Continent bases its jurisprudence upon the university - made civil law, in place of the Judge - made common law of England and the USA.
The practice of this civil law consists of several co - ordinate professions, each constituting a career in itself.
Such are, for instance, the professions of judge, of diplomat, of higher civil servant, of law teacher and scholar.
The United States stand at the opposite extreme ; the student, after his formal education is completed, is admitted by the State to the privilege of general practice of the law.
There is little or no connection between his course of preparation - which may or may not be in a university - and the particular line of highly specialized legal activity in which he will find himself at first, and from which he can later pass to the bench, into politics or even business.
In England the lawyer occupies a position somewhat resembling that of his colleague in the United States, but not to the extreme exemplified here.
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Целью уголовного закона является защита сообщества.
Есть несколько различных видов преступлений.
Например, есть преступления против личности, такие как нападение ; преступления против собственности, такие как кражи ; и преступления против общественного порядка, такие как бунт.
Гражданские дела случаи, принятые отдельных людей или предприятий для того, чтобы претендовать на или исполнения право.
Есть различные типы гражданских дел.
Например, там может быть нарушение договора или может быть претензии за ущерб, нанесенный через халатности другого человека (это известно как гражданское правонарушение или деликт).
Обычно человек делает заявление хочет денег, чтобы компенсировать то, что произошло.
Тем не менее, есть и другие специальные средства, которые могут быть предоставлены.
В гражданских делах главная цель состоит в изучении споров между сторонами и решить, будет ли подсудимый обязан выплатить компенсацию.
Там нет наказания участников.
Гражданское право, как правило, компенсаторный.
Гражданское судопроизводство, как частное дело, может быть прекращена по урегулированию между сторонами в любое время.
Иски, предъявленные в суде, как правило, рассматриваются без присяжных.
Высшие суды рассматривают более сложных гражданских дел.
Большинство суждения для сумм денег и затраты на обвинения, как правило, оплачиваются проигравшей стороной.
Имя случае, как правило, сказать вам, если дело уголовное или гражданское.
Буква "R" означает Rex (что означает короля) или Regina (что означает королева), показывая, что дело было начато государства.
Небольшой буква "v" между именами означает "против" (против).
В гражданских делах фамилия человека, начиная дело дается первым, затем фамилию человека, которого он судится (принимая дело против).
Если компания участвует в случае, то название компании используется.
В англо - американском праве, партия чего уголовное дело (в большинстве случаев это состояние) называется обвинение.
Юридический термин для человека, начиная гражданское дело является истец (ранее истец).
В обоих видах деятельности другая сторона, как известно в качестве ответчика.
Еще одно важное отличие между гражданским и уголовным делам, что называется бремя доказательства или стандарт, к которому дело должно быть доказано.
В уголовных делах этот стандарт является высокая одним, вне всякого сомнения, так как приговор может привести к подсудимый в тюрьму в течение длительного времени (или, в некоторых странах, выполняется).
В гражданских делах стандарт ниже, на балансе вероятностей.
Это потому, что судья должен решить для одной или другой стороны и поэтому он считает все доказательства и дает решение для партии, которая по его мнению, скорее всего, правы.
Иногда одно действие может быть в нарушении двух типов права.
Это приводит к тому, что известно как двойной ответственности.
Это означает, что два отдельных судебных дел может иметь место.
Двухместный ответственность может возникнуть там, где есть преступление, и в ходе этого преступления, права индивида были затронуты.
Это наиболее часто ГАП ручки, где есть дорожное правонарушение (включая уголовное законодательство) и кто - то получил травму в результате так, что он или она хочет, чтобы требовать возмещения убытков (в соответствии с законодательством деликтов).