Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
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Most barristers are professional advocates earning their living by the presentation of civil and criminal cases in court.
A barrister must be capable of prosecuting in a criminal case one day, and defending an accused person the next, or of preparing the pleadings and taking the case for a plaintiff in a civil action one day, and doing the same for a defendant the next.
Необходимо определить часть речи слов в суффиксом ing.
VIII?
VIII.
Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках : 1.
In criminal law the state .
(to start) a criminal action.
2. There .
(to be) disagreements between individuals and their property.
3. Criminal law .
(to regulate) relations between citizens and the state.
4. In civil law an individual .
(to start) a civil action.
5. The other party in both cases .
(to be) the defendant.
Заранее спасибо))).
Перевод текста HOW DO CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAWS DIFFER?
Перевод текста HOW DO CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAWS DIFFER?
When the private legal rights of an individual are violated, the matter is governed by civil law.
It applies whenever one person has a right to sue another person.
An example of such a situation is when a tenant fails to pay the rent.
The police will not investigate civil conflicts.
When a person violates certain duties to society and disturbs public peace and order, the violation is governed by criminal law.
The government, acting in the name of all people, investigates, prosecutes, and tries to fine or imprison the alleged wrongdoer.
Generally, when a crime occurs, private rights of the individual victim are violated at the same time.
Thus, the civil law may also apply.
The victim of the crime may, therefore, sue the wrongdoer but seldom does because it is usually difficult to collect damages from criminals.
Переведите пожалуйста?
Переведите пожалуйста.
The legal system in the United Kingdom (UK) The study of law distinguishes between public law and private law, but in legal practice in the UK the distinction between civil law and criminal law is more important to practising lawyers.
Public law relates to the state.
It is concerned with laws which govern processes in local and national government and conflicts between the individual and the state in areas such as immigration and social security.
Private law is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is, individuals and corporations, and includes family law, contract law and property law.
Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves punishment, for example murder and theft.
The state prosecutes the offender.
Civil law concerns relationships between, private persons, their rights, and their duties.
It is also concerned with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for compensation or an injunction – an order made by the court.
However, each field of law tends to overlap with others.
For example, a road accident case may lead to a criminal prosecution as well as a civil action for compensation.
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the?
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the investigation into three phases is made for convenience of discussion, the same evidence is often used for three objectives, the criminal was identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts, the identity of the criminal has been discovered through his confession, the guilt of the accused has been proved, the defendant was identified and associated with the crime scene : the facts are being established with the help of the witnesses.
While travelling around england the atkinsons have stayed at a camp?
While travelling around england the atkinsons have stayed at a camp.
There is a playground there.
The children and animals are doing different things.
Count how many children and animals are doing one and the same activity.
Use the words from the box.
Переведите пожалуйста, очень нужно The objective of the criminal law is to protect the community?
Переведите пожалуйста, очень нужно The objective of the criminal law is to protect the community.
There are several different types of crimes.
For example, there are offences against the person such as assault ; offences against property such as theft ; and offences against public order such as riot.
Civil cases are cases taken by individual people or businesses in order to claim or enforce a right.
There are different types of civil cases.
For example, there may be a breach of contract or there may be a claim for damage done through the negligence of another person (this is known as a civil wrong or tort).
Usually the person making the claim wants money to compensate for what has happened.
However, there are other special remedies which can be given.
In civil cases the main purpose is to investigate disputes between the parties and decide whether the defendant is liable to pay compensation.
There is no punishment involved.
Civil law is generally compensatory.
Civil proceedings, as a private matter, can be ended by settlement between the parties at any time.
Actions brought to the court are usually tried without a jury.
Higher courts deal with more complicated civil cases.
Most judgments are for sums of money and the costs of the prosecution are generally paid by the party losing it.
The name of the case will usually tell you if the case is criminal or civil.
The letter "R" stands for Rex (which means King) or Regina (which means Queen), showing that the case has been started by the State.
The small letter "v" between the names means "versus" (against).
In the civil cases the surname of the person starting the case is given first, then the surname of the person he is suing (taking the case against).
If a company is involved in a case, then the company's name is used.
In Anglo - American law, the party bringing a criminal action (in most cases it is the state) is called the prosecution.
The legal term for the person starting the civil case is the claimant (previously plaintiff).
In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant.
Another important difference between civil and criminal cases is what is called the burden of proof or the standard to which the case has to be proved.
In criminal cases this standard is a high one, beyond reasonable doubt, since a conviction could result in the defendant going to prison for a long time (or, in some countries, executed).
In civil cases the standard is lower, on the balance of probabilities.
This is because the judge has to decide for one party or the other and so he considers all the evidence and gives judgment for the party which he thinks is most probably right.
Sometimes one action can be in breach of two types of law.
This gives rise to what is known as double liability.
It means that two separate court cases may take place.
Double liability can occur wherever there is a crime and, in the course of this crime, an individual's rights were affected.
It most often hap pens where there is a road traffic offence (involving criminal law) and someone is injured as a result so that he or she wants to claim damages (under the law of torts).
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод The third branch of the government is judicial?
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод The third branch of the government is judicial.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the U.
S. It sits in the Supreme Court Building in Washington.
The words «Equal Justice Under Law» are written above the main entrance of the building.
The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice (главный судья) of the USA and eight Associate Justices.
They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress or any other issued by the President.
The right of veto is widely used.
The USA is divided into eleven judicial circuits and each one is served with a Federal Court of Appeals.
There are about ninety district courts in different parts of the country.
The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal Court system.
Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
In the district court where trials are held, juries are used and witnesses are called.
Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in one of the eleven Courts of Appeal and in the Supreme Court.
The decision of the Supreme Court is final.
In the US the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary.
Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is.
Помогите, пожалуйста, придумать 8 вопросов к этому тексту (в 8 вопросов должны входить общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные) Courts of the United States include both the United States f?
Помогите, пожалуйста, придумать 8 вопросов к этому тексту (в 8 вопросов должны входить общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные) Courts of the United States include both the United States federal courts, comprising the judicial branch of the federal government of the United States (operating under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law) and state and territorial courts of the individual U.
S. states and territories (operating under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law) Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, and not the courts of the individual states.
Because of the federalist underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments, the various state court systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another.
In practice, however, every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels, and almost every state has three levels, with trial courts hearing cases which may be reviewed by appellate courts, and finally by a state supreme court.
A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases.
47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits, meaning that the court receiving the appeal must decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly.
Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal.
Rather, they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard.
State courts often have diverse names and structures, as illustrated below.
State courts hear about 98% of litigation ; most states have courts of special jurisdiction, which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations, and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes.
The U.
S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues.
In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal.
The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes.
The trial courts are U.
S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States.
The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.
Переведите пожалуйста текст?
Переведите пожалуйста текст.
The Law of Torts.
The law of “tort” is essentially the law of injuries and remedies for those injuries.
Torts can thus include assault, battery, false imprisonment, negligence, invasion of privacy, defamation, fraud, trespass and other wrongs.
Some of these wrongs may be both civil and criminal in nature.
A battery, for example, may be prosecuted by the state as a violation of the criminal statutes.
The offender may be sentenced to prison and be ordered to pay a fine to the state.
In some cases, he may also be ordered to pay restitution to the victim.
However, the battery may also be a civil tort as well.
The victim (the plaintiff) may sue in civil court for the tort of battery.
If the plaintiff is successful, the defender will be ordered to pay compensatory damages (to compensate for the injury) and punitive damages (to punish the defendant far having caused the act).
In the United States, it is commonly believed that courts will enter punitive damages in an amount that is roughly three times the size of the compensatory damages (which are sometimes called the “special damages” by plaintiff’s lawyers).
Thus, the essential purpose of the law of torts is compensatory and, though punitive damages may occasionally be awarded, its function is distinct from that of criminal law.
Criminal law is essentially punitive and an injured party is not awarded compensation in the criminal proceedings.
Переведите, но не через переводчики?
Переведите, но не через переводчики!
Founding organization of the same goals, and the adventurers traveling around.
With their own dreams and the desire for the unknown encounters.
Stories and anecdotes become the script of "Batlend" - -.
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Earning - (зарабатывая) - деепричастие
living - (как чюя понял, тут переводится в значении ЖИЗНЬ) - существительное
prosecuting - (перевод не знаю) - глагол
defending - (защищать) - глагол.
Насколько я понимаю, это герундий (глагол в длительном времени, похожий одновременно и на глагол и на существительное).
Образуется с помощью прибавления окончания - ing.
Если ничего не упустила, то тут везде он.