Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Помогите перевести текст очень срочно In some countries such as France (where there are 9 jurors), the judgesand jurors decide the case together.
In the United States juries decide if the defendant is guilty but sometimes also have a say in what punishment he should receive.
Before World War II, Japan also had a jury system, but it was often criticized for the ease with which jurors could be bribed.
Now Japan, like South Korea, is a rare example of a modern industrialized country where jurors are not used : all decisions are made by professional judges.
Most countries have special rules for young defendants.
Children under ten cannot stand trial at all under English law.
Juveniles (those under seventeen) are dealt with in special Magistrates Courts known as Juvenile Courts.
A defendant found guilty by the magistrates may appeal against the finding or against the punishment to the local Crown Court, and the CrownСourt judge will hear the appealwithout a jury.
If a defendant has good reason to believe the magistrates have made a mistake about a point of law, then he may appeal to the High Court.
The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but there are cases of the prosecution successfully appealing for a more severepunishment.
In Japan it is even possible for the prosecution to appeal that a non - guilty decision be changed to guilty.
Appeals from the Crown Court go first to the High Court and, in special cases, to the Court of Appeal.
Occasionally, a case is carried through this system of appeal all the way to the House of Lords.
In many countries, such as Japan and United States, the highest juridical decisions are made by a Supreme Court.
Its members are appointed from the lower courts by the government.
Напишите пожалуйста как читается по русски русскими буквамиThe Country and the CitySome people live in the cityWhere the houses are very tall?
Напишите пожалуйста как читается по русски русскими буквами
The Country and the City
Some people live in the city
Where the houses are very tall.
Some people live in the country
Where the houses are very small.
But in the country where the houses are small,
The gardens are very big.
And in the cities where the houses are tall
There are no gardens at all.
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Переведите пожалуйста!
The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
Как переводится стих The Country and the citi Some people live in the citi Where the houses are very tal Some people live in the country But in the country where the houses are small The gardens are v?
Как переводится стих The Country and the citi Some people live in the citi Where the houses are very tal Some people live in the country But in the country where the houses are small The gardens are very big And in the cities where the houses are tall There are no gardens at all.
Переведите, пожалуйста : The facts are gathered for court presentation?
Переведите, пожалуйста : The facts are gathered for court presentation.
The proofs are being looked for.
Нужен перевод, только более менее адекватный и понятный)то есть желательно без переводчика ( THE MAGISTRATES The magistrates have always been important and local people, who can be relied on?
Нужен перевод, только более менее адекватный и понятный)то есть желательно без переводчика ( THE MAGISTRATES The magistrates have always been important and local people, who can be relied on.
They are abpcinted by the Lord Chancellor in the name of the Queen.
What work do the magistrates do?
It is all criminal, save for a few little buts of civil law.
As for their criminal work, it comes auto both the two main sections into which our procedure divides the cases, vis : the small charges that can be and are disposed or in one court, the magistrates court, at one go, and the other more serious charges, called indictable because the come to trial before a superior court, before a jury, and are preceded by a formal accusation called an indictment, after previous investigation before the magistrates.
In England, minor cases are tried before the magistrates, before the magistrates, sitting without a jury (but with at least two magistrates), in courts which are held in nearly every town.
There are officially called «petty sessional courts» but normally «magistrates courts» or «police courts».
All minor cases are tried and disposed or by the untrained magistrates (with a right of appeal only to other magistrates in Quarter Sessions).
Nor are the magistrates confinec to the minor cases.
Every major case, which if it comes to tmal will be beard before a jury at either Quarter Sessions or at the Assizes or the Central Criminal Court, must start with the judicial enquiry, which takes the form of a public bearing or evidence before the magistrates.
STAGES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY.
As rule, premeditated criminal activity consists of several stages preparation, attempt and commission.
Preparation of a crime is the search for or adaptation of means or instruments, or any other premeditated creation of conditions for the commission of a crime.
Preparation of a crime is generally a punishable offence.
But in determining the penalty, the court must take into consideration the extent of the danger to society involved in the preparation, the degree to which the criminal intent has been put into effect, and the causes that prevented the full commission of the crime.
In casso where the person plotting a crime has not gone beyond the preparations, the court usually imposes a milder penalty or none at all.
An attempt is a premeditated act directly aimed at the commission of a crime but not completed for reasons not depending on the will of the guilty person.
An attempt is a punishable offence.
But in determining the penalty the court also take into considerations the character and the degree of the danger to society info vet in the act committed by the guilty person, the degree to which the criminal intent has been put into effect, and the causes that prevent the full commission or the crime.
A crime is considered as committed when the guilty person has performed the act constraining the corpus delicti of crime.
Desisting from completion of a crime is possible in the stages of preparation and attempt when a person having the possibility of completing the crime of his own free will abandons his criminal intent before its completion.
He is then responsible only if the act performed by him contains the corpus delicti of another crime.
Making a law and Judiciary Every year Parliament passes about 100 laws directly by making Acts of Parliament?
Making a law and Judiciary Every year Parliament passes about 100 laws directly by making Acts of Parliament.
Parliament sometimes passes a very general law and leaves a minister to fill in the details.
Using the powers given to them by Parliament, ministers become lawmakers themselves.
No new law can be made by Parliament unless it has completed number of stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
The Queen also has to sign a bill to show that it has been given the Royal Assent.
Only after the Royal Assent it becomes a new law or Act of Parliament.
Before this it is called Bill.
Bills can begin in the House of Lords or the House of Commons.
There are two main sorts of Bills : Private Bill and Public Bill.
Private Bills deal with local matters and individuals.
Public Bills deal with matters of public importance.
Important Bills are usually sponsored by the Government.
The first stage of lawmaking is called First Reading.
It gives MPs notice that the Bill will soon be coming for discussion.
Then the next stage comes– Second Reading.
Here the main purpose of the Bill is explained by the Minister and the Bill is debated by the House.
The house then votes to decide if the Bill should continue its passage through Parliament.
The Bill continues to its Committee Stage where 18 Members from both Government and Opposition discuss it in detail, considering many possible changes (amendments).
This is followed by Report Stage when the committee reports back to the rest of the House.
At the Third Reading stage, the House decided to pass the Bill as a whole.
The Bill cannot be changed at this stage – it is either accepted or rejected.
Once a Bill has passed its Third Reading in the Commons, one of the Clerks at the Table carries it to the House of Lords.
The House of Lords has the job of reviewing Bills received from the Commons.
It makes changes to Commons Bills.
Once both Houses have passed a Bill, then it has to go to the Queen for the Royal Assent.
After receiving the Royal Assent the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament.
As for judiciary there are two courts of trial and two courts of appeal for criminal proceedings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The courts of trial are the Magistrates’ Court and the Crown Court, and the courts of appeal are the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords.
The Magistrates’ Court is the lower court of trial.
It deals with summary offences.
More serious criminal cases (indictable offences) then go to the Crown Court.
Civil cases are dealt with in County courts.
Magistrates’ Courts have limited powers of penalty but may commit a convicted offender to the Crown Court if it is considered that the powers of the Magistrates’ Court are insufficient.
Approximately 95% of all prosecutions are dealt with in the Magistrates’ Courts.
Juvenile Courts are composed of specially trained magistrates.
They try most charges against children and young persons under the age of 18 years.
The Crown Court is the senior court of trial for criminal offences.
The courts are established at various centers throughout the country.
The courts are presided over by a High Court Judge, Circuit Judge or Recorder who sits with a jury.
The Crown Court may also hear appeals against conviction and \ or sentence for some offences dealt with at the Magistrates’ Court.
The Court of Appeal hears appeals from criminal cases heard in the Crown Courts.
The House of Lords is the most senior and final court of appeal.
Civil proceedings consist of litigation about property, family matters and actions to obtain financial redress for damage to property and personal injury.
The courts of trial for such litigation are the County Court and the High Court if Justice.
County Courts are local courts and are presided over by a single Judge.
The High Court of Justice is situated in London.
Some cases before the High Court of Justice may be heard before a Jury.
2. Use the correct word in each sentence form the words below?
2. Use the correct word in each sentence form the words below.
(20 баллов) guilty important eligible independent acquitted challenge honorable personal evidence chosen 1) Trial by jury is an _______ feature of English justice.
2) Twelve jurors are ________ from the list of local electoral register.
3) The jurors listen to the ______ and give their verdict.
4) The verdict can be ______ or not ________ .
5) The jury is _________ of the judiciary.
6) The judge can ______ one or several members of the jury.
7) The reason for the challenge may be that the juror has a ______ interest in the case.
8) People between the ages of 18 and 70 are_______ for serving in the jury.
9) Service in the jury is an ______ duty of citizens.
10) If the jury finds the accused not guilty, he / she is _______ in the courtroom.
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Переведите пожалуйста, очень нужно The objective of the criminal law is to protect the community?
Переведите пожалуйста, очень нужно The objective of the criminal law is to protect the community.
There are several different types of crimes.
For example, there are offences against the person such as assault ; offences against property such as theft ; and offences against public order such as riot.
Civil cases are cases taken by individual people or businesses in order to claim or enforce a right.
There are different types of civil cases.
For example, there may be a breach of contract or there may be a claim for damage done through the negligence of another person (this is known as a civil wrong or tort).
Usually the person making the claim wants money to compensate for what has happened.
However, there are other special remedies which can be given.
In civil cases the main purpose is to investigate disputes between the parties and decide whether the defendant is liable to pay compensation.
There is no punishment involved.
Civil law is generally compensatory.
Civil proceedings, as a private matter, can be ended by settlement between the parties at any time.
Actions brought to the court are usually tried without a jury.
Higher courts deal with more complicated civil cases.
Most judgments are for sums of money and the costs of the prosecution are generally paid by the party losing it.
The name of the case will usually tell you if the case is criminal or civil.
The letter "R" stands for Rex (which means King) or Regina (which means Queen), showing that the case has been started by the State.
The small letter "v" between the names means "versus" (against).
In the civil cases the surname of the person starting the case is given first, then the surname of the person he is suing (taking the case against).
If a company is involved in a case, then the company's name is used.
In Anglo - American law, the party bringing a criminal action (in most cases it is the state) is called the prosecution.
The legal term for the person starting the civil case is the claimant (previously plaintiff).
In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant.
Another important difference between civil and criminal cases is what is called the burden of proof or the standard to which the case has to be proved.
In criminal cases this standard is a high one, beyond reasonable doubt, since a conviction could result in the defendant going to prison for a long time (or, in some countries, executed).
In civil cases the standard is lower, on the balance of probabilities.
This is because the judge has to decide for one party or the other and so he considers all the evidence and gives judgment for the party which he thinks is most probably right.
Sometimes one action can be in breach of two types of law.
This gives rise to what is known as double liability.
It means that two separate court cases may take place.
Double liability can occur wherever there is a crime and, in the course of this crime, an individual's rights were affected.
It most often hap pens where there is a road traffic offence (involving criminal law) and someone is injured as a result so that he or she wants to claim damages (under the law of torts).
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод The third branch of the government is judicial?
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод The third branch of the government is judicial.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the U.
S. It sits in the Supreme Court Building in Washington.
The words «Equal Justice Under Law» are written above the main entrance of the building.
The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice (главный судья) of the USA and eight Associate Justices.
They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress or any other issued by the President.
The right of veto is widely used.
The USA is divided into eleven judicial circuits and each one is served with a Federal Court of Appeals.
There are about ninety district courts in different parts of the country.
The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal Court system.
Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
In the district court where trials are held, juries are used and witnesses are called.
Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in one of the eleven Courts of Appeal and in the Supreme Court.
The decision of the Supreme Court is final.
In the US the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary.
Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is.
Помогите, пожалуйста, придумать 8 вопросов к этому тексту (в 8 вопросов должны входить общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные) Courts of the United States include both the United States f?
Помогите, пожалуйста, придумать 8 вопросов к этому тексту (в 8 вопросов должны входить общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные) Courts of the United States include both the United States federal courts, comprising the judicial branch of the federal government of the United States (operating under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law) and state and territorial courts of the individual U.
S. states and territories (operating under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law) Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, and not the courts of the individual states.
Because of the federalist underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments, the various state court systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another.
In practice, however, every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels, and almost every state has three levels, with trial courts hearing cases which may be reviewed by appellate courts, and finally by a state supreme court.
A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases.
47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits, meaning that the court receiving the appeal must decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly.
Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal.
Rather, they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard.
State courts often have diverse names and structures, as illustrated below.
State courts hear about 98% of litigation ; most states have courts of special jurisdiction, which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations, and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes.
The U.
S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues.
In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal.
The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes.
The trial courts are U.
S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States.
The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.
На этой странице сайта, в категории Английский язык размещен ответ на вопрос Помогите перевести текст очень срочно In some countries such as France (where there are 9 jurors), the judgesand jurors decide the case together?. По уровню сложности вопрос рассчитан на учащихся 10 - 11 классов. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию по интересующей теме, воспользуйтесь автоматическим поиском в этой же категории, чтобы ознакомиться с ответами на похожие вопросы. В верхней части страницы расположена кнопка, с помощью которой можно сформулировать новый вопрос, который наиболее полно отвечает критериям поиска. Удобный интерфейс позволяет обсудить интересующую тему с посетителями в комментариях.
В некоторых странах, как Франция ( где 9 присяжных заседателей ), в суде присяжные решают дело вместе.
В Соединенных Штатах присяжные решают, если подсудимый виновен, но иногда также имеют право голоса в том, что наказание он должен получать.
До Второй мировой войны в Японии также была система присяжных, но часто критиковали за легкости, с которой присяжные могли быть подкуплены.
Теперь Япония как Южная Корея является редким примером современной промышленно развитой страной где не используются присяжные : все решения принимаются профессиональными судьями.
Большинство стран имеют специальные правила для молодых подсудимых.
Дети в возрасте до десяти не могут предстать перед судом вообще по английскому праву.
Несовершеннолетние ( те, под семнадцать ) рассматриваются в специальных судах магистратов, известных как судов по магистратов, известных как судов по делам несовершеннолетних.
Ответчик признал виновным магистратов может обжаловать нахождения или против наказания к местному Королевскому суду, и судья послушают ответы жюри.
Если ответчик имеет веские основания полагать, что судьи ошиблись с точки зрения закона, то он может обратиться в апелляционной системы высокого качества .
В основном в пользу подсудимого, но бывают случаи преследования успешно привлекательными для противника.
В Японии это возможно даже для обвинения подать апелляцию, что оправдательное решение было изменено на себя виноватым чтобы решения суда идти нужно в первую очередь в Высокий суд, а в особых случаях, в суд апелляционной инстанции, иногда случай осуществляется через систему обжалования, которые проходят через все пути к дому лордов.
Во многих странах, таких как Япония и США высшее юридическое решение принимаются верховным судом.
Эти члены назначаются из нижестоящих судов государством.