Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
ПОМОГИТЕ С ПЕРЕВОДОМ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА!
The lawyers of different countries differ widely from one another.
The Continent bases its jurisprudence upon the university - made civil law, in place of the Judge - made common law of England and the USA.
The practice of this civil law consists of several co - ordinate professions, each constituting a career in itself.
Such are, for instance, the professions of judge, of diplomat, of higher civil servant, of law teacher and scholar.
The United States stand at the opposite extreme ; the student, after his formal education is completed, is admitted by the State to the privilege of general practice of the law.
There is little or no connection between his course of preparation - which may or may not be in a university - and the particular line of highly specialized legal activity in which he will find himself at first, and from which he can later pass to the bench, into politics or even business.
In England the lawyer occupies a position somewhat resembling that of his colleague in the United States, but not to the extreme exemplified here.
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The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
Ответить на вопросы по тексту THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN OUR COUNTRY Law is а system of rules established by the state?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN OUR COUNTRY Law is а system of rules established by the state.
The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.
The system of law in our country consists of different branches of law.
Constitutional law is a leading branch of the whole system of law.
Its principal source is the country’s Constitution.
It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.
Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of the government and ministries.
Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credits and other spheres of financial activity.
Civil law is connected with relations in the economic sphere of social life, with relations involving property, its distribution and exchange.
The right в property is the central institution of civil law.
The rules of labour law include the legislation on the labour of industrial and office workers and matters arising from labour relations.
Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals.
Criminal law takes the form of а criminal code consisting of а general and special part.
Ответьте на вопросы 1.
What is law?
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What is the main aim of law?
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What branches of law does the system of law in our country consist of?
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What does each branch of law deal with?
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The legal system in the United Kingdom (UK) The study of law distinguishes between public law and private law, but in legal practice in the UK the distinction between civil law and criminal law is more important to practising lawyers.
Public law relates to the state.
It is concerned with laws which govern processes in local and national government and conflicts between the individual and the state in areas such as immigration and social security.
Private law is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is, individuals and corporations, and includes family law, contract law and property law.
Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves punishment, for example murder and theft.
The state prosecutes the offender.
Civil law concerns relationships between, private persons, their rights, and their duties.
It is also concerned with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for compensation or an injunction – an order made by the court.
However, each field of law tends to overlap with others.
For example, a road accident case may lead to a criminal prosecution as well as a civil action for compensation.
Rewrite the following sentences as in the example : Example : We live in the city which was founded more than 1, 500 years ago?
Rewrite the following sentences as in the example : Example : We live in the city which was founded more than 1, 500 years ago.
— We live in the city founded more than 1, 500 years ago.
1. Money bills which are concerned with taxation are always introduced by the Commons.
2. The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the USA which is known as the Bill of Rights were adopted in 1971.
3. There are 91 districts courts and special courts which all were established by the Congress of the USA.
4. English medieval law which is administered by courts reflected the «common» traditions and customs of the USA.
5. The common law is not based on the principle of deciding cases by reference to written statutes.
6. The civil law which is found in continental Europe can be contrasted to the common5law system.
7. The jury which is selected from local citizens applies the law to reach a verdict.
8. The interpretation of law which is made by appellate courts forms the precedents that govern future cases.
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The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
The Rule of Law The concept of the rule of law is the cornerstone of any democratic society and government?
The Rule of Law The concept of the rule of law is the cornerstone of any democratic society and government.
It is the law which is used to decide disputes.
The law is one of the means for controlling the conduct of businesses.
The basic role of law in business decisions is apparent.
It contains business in its decisions and its selection of alternative courses of action.
Certain conduct is illegal, and if individuals or businesses didn’t follow the rule of law and their conduct were declared a crime, they would be subject to sanctions, e.
G. , fines or imprisonment.
The sanctions will include liability for damages, if the conduct is tortuous (involving a wrongful act) or a breach of law.
Besides, the law and legal sanctions may be used to prevent certain conduct or to require that certain things be done.
If business decisions are not made within the law, sanctions will be imposed.
The law is the foundation for the regulation of all business conduct and decisions.
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The Sources of English Law 1.
On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The ’’sources” of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main categories according to the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression “written” law signifies any law that is formally enacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression “unwritten” law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports, but as they are not formal enactments they are “unwritten” law.
2. Under the influence of the Code Napoleon many continental countries have codified their law, public and private.
On the Continent, therefore, the volume of written law is more than the volume of unwritten.
In England in accordance with the tradition writings of the laws had comparatively little respect in the past and for the most part have never been enacted.
So in England where more of the laws derive from judicial precedents, unwritten law is predominant.
This does not, of course, mean that none of English law is codified.
Many parts of it are codified : such as the law on the sale of goods (Sale of Goods Act 1979) and the law on partnership (Partnership Act 1890).
All that means that although Parliament may and does make any laws it pleases, there is no whole system of codification which prevails in many continental countries.
3. Two principal and two subsidiary sources of English law must be mentioned.
These principal sources are Legislation, and Judicial Precedent, the subsidiary sources are Custom and Books of Authority which carry a weight of authority almost equal to that of precedents.
Переведите предложение The common law systems of England, and later of the U?
Переведите предложение The common law systems of England, and later of the U.
S. , developed in a different manner.
Помогите, пожалуйста, придумать 8 вопросов к этому тексту (в 8 вопросов должны входить общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные) Courts of the United States include both the United States f?
Помогите, пожалуйста, придумать 8 вопросов к этому тексту (в 8 вопросов должны входить общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные) Courts of the United States include both the United States federal courts, comprising the judicial branch of the federal government of the United States (operating under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law) and state and territorial courts of the individual U.
S. states and territories (operating under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law) Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, and not the courts of the individual states.
Because of the federalist underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments, the various state court systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another.
In practice, however, every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels, and almost every state has three levels, with trial courts hearing cases which may be reviewed by appellate courts, and finally by a state supreme court.
A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases.
47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits, meaning that the court receiving the appeal must decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly.
Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal.
Rather, they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard.
State courts often have diverse names and structures, as illustrated below.
State courts hear about 98% of litigation ; most states have courts of special jurisdiction, which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations, and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes.
The U.
S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues.
In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal.
The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes.
The trial courts are U.
S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States.
The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.
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The Law of Torts.
The law of “tort” is essentially the law of injuries and remedies for those injuries.
Torts can thus include assault, battery, false imprisonment, negligence, invasion of privacy, defamation, fraud, trespass and other wrongs.
Some of these wrongs may be both civil and criminal in nature.
A battery, for example, may be prosecuted by the state as a violation of the criminal statutes.
The offender may be sentenced to prison and be ordered to pay a fine to the state.
In some cases, he may also be ordered to pay restitution to the victim.
However, the battery may also be a civil tort as well.
The victim (the plaintiff) may sue in civil court for the tort of battery.
If the plaintiff is successful, the defender will be ordered to pay compensatory damages (to compensate for the injury) and punitive damages (to punish the defendant far having caused the act).
In the United States, it is commonly believed that courts will enter punitive damages in an amount that is roughly three times the size of the compensatory damages (which are sometimes called the “special damages” by plaintiff’s lawyers).
Thus, the essential purpose of the law of torts is compensatory and, though punitive damages may occasionally be awarded, its function is distinct from that of criminal law.
Criminal law is essentially punitive and an injured party is not awarded compensation in the criminal proceedings.
На этой странице находится вопрос ПОМОГИТЕ С ПЕРЕВОДОМ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА?. Здесь же – ответы на него, и похожие вопросы в категории Английский язык, которые можно найти с помощью простой в использовании поисковой системы. Уровень сложности вопроса соответствует уровню подготовки учащихся 10 - 11 классов. В комментариях, оставленных ниже, ознакомьтесь с вариантами ответов посетителей страницы. С ними можно обсудить тему вопроса в режиме on-line. Если ни один из предложенных ответов не устраивает, сформулируйте новый вопрос в поисковой строке, расположенной вверху, и нажмите кнопку.
Юристы разных странах сильно отличаются друг от друга.
Континент основывает свою практику на университетской гражданские права, на месте судьи - делали общее право Англии и США.
В практике нашего гражданского права состоит из нескольких однородных профессий, каждая из которых представляет собой карьера сама по себе.
Таковы, например, профессии судьи, дипломата, высшее госслужащим, преподаватель права и ученый.
Соединенные Штаты стоят на противоположной крайностью ; студент, после его формальное образование завершено, признаются государственными в честь общей практики закона.
Практически нет связи между его подготовке - которая может или не может быть в университете - и в частности линии высоко
специализированной юридической деятельности, в которой он найдет себя в первую очередь, и от которой он позже может пройти к скамейке, в политике или даже бизнес.
В Англии адвокат занимает позицию, чем - то напоминает, что его коллега в США, но не до крайности пример здесь.
Юристы из разных стран отличаются друг от друга.
Континент основывает свою практику на университет сделал гражданское право, вместо судья принял общее право Англии и США.
Практика этого гражданского права состоит из нескольких координации профессий, каждая составляющих карьеру сам по себе.
Таковы, например, профессии судьи, дипломат, более высокий гражданский служащий, преподаватель права и ученый.
Соединенные Штаты стоят на противоположной крайности ; студент, после завершения его формального образования допускается государством привилегий общей практики закона.
Существует мало или никакой связи между его курс подготовки - который может или не может быть в университете - и конкретной линии высоко специализированной адвокатской деятельности, в которой он найдет себя в первых, и от которого он может позже пройти к скамейке, в политике или даже бизнес.
В Англии адвокат занимает позицию, несколько напоминающий его коллега в Соединенных Штатах, но не до крайности, примером здесь.