Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
№1. Which of the following terms does not belong to electronics?
Transistor, resistor, capacitor, contractor, processor.
LARGE - SCALE INTEGRATION IN ELECTRONICS
The most advancing technology of the present industrial age is that of electronics.
The introduction of the transistor in its day seemed a marvel of compactness compared with the glass vacuum tube.
Now the size of electronic devices has been reduced by 10 every five years which has led to a great compression.
When the term microelectronics first came into use, a chip of silicon a tenth of a square inch might hold 10 to 20 transistors, together with a few diodes, capacitors and resistors.
Now such chips can contain thousands of separate electronic components.
Before the appearance of the transistor each type of component in an electronic circuit was made from one or more materials with the required electrical characteristics.
For example, carbon was used for resistors, ceramics and a dielectric for capacitors, tungsten for emitters in vacuum tubes and so on.
These components were then used like building blocks in creating a circuit with specified characteristics and responses.
Circuits were combined into systems, such as a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, a radar set or a computer.
From the earliest days electronics has been a technology of complex interconnections.
A small radar set can easily have as many interconnections as an oil refinery.
To simplify a system design and reduce the number of interconnections engineers developed a series of standard circuit modules.
Each module performed a specific function and was used as logical building block for creating the systems.
The transistor could readily be assembled with resistors and capacitors of about the same size on a small plastic board.
These modular circuit boards of the size of a playing card could then be plugged together as needed.
As transistor technology developed it was important to decrease the size of components and the length of interconnections.
The physical limit of finding room for connections in an ever decreasing area was fast approaching.
This limitation and the complexity of system design made the search for a new technology imperative.
The technology that resulted was microelectronics embodied in the integrated circuit.
It made possible to produce (as a part of a single chip of silicon) transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors joining them into a complete circuit.
The technology that produces such high - density electronic circuits is called large - scale integration, or LSI.
Although the term has no precise definition, it is usually reserved for integrated circuits that comprise 100 or more “gates”, or individual circuit functions, with a density of 50, 000 to 100, 000 components per square inch.
If the upper value could be achieved throughout a cubic inch of material, the density of electronic components would be about a fourth of the density of nerve cells in the human brain.
It now seems inevitable that microelectronic circuits, including LSI, will soon find their way into a variety of new applications which will have great impact on industry and everyday life.
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ELECTRONICS 1.
Electronics is a branch of physics that deals with the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons (as in electron tubes and transistors) and with electronic devices.
Electronics encompasses an exceptionally broad range of technology.
The term originally was applied to the study of electron behaviour and movement.
It came to be used in its broader sense with advances in knowledge about the fundamental nature of electrons and about the way in which the motion of these particles could be utilized.
Today many scientific and technical disciplines—including physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, and electrical and electronic engineering—deal with different aspects of electronics.
2. Research in these fields has led to the development of such key devices as transistors, integrated circuits, lasers, and optical fibres.
These in turn have made it possible to manufacture a wide array of electronic consumer, industrial, and military products.
These products range from cellular radiotelephone systems and videocassette recorders to high - performance supercomputers and sophisticated weapons systems.
The impact of electronics on modern life has been pervasive.
It can be said that the world is in the midst of an electronic revolution at least as significant as the industrial revolution of the 19th century.
Evidence of this is apparent everywhere.
3. Electronics is essential, for example, in telecommunications.
An ever - increasing volume of information is transmitted in digital form.
Digital techniques, in which signals are converted into groups of pulses, allow the intermingling of voice, television, and computer signals into one very rapid series of pulses on a single channel that can be separated at the receiving end and reconstituted into the signals originally sent.
Because the digital pulses can be regenerated perfectly after they become attenuated with distance, no noise or other degradation is apparent at the receiving end.
4. Electronic controls for industrial machines and processes have made possible dramatic improvements in productivity and quality.
Computer - aided design tools facilitate the designing of parts that have complex shapes, such as aircraft wings, or intricate structures, such as integrated circuits.
The production of designs of this sort is done by computer - controlled machines that receive instructions directly from the design tools.
5. Access to knowledge has been made far easier by computerized indexes of scientific and technical journals, which are accessible from centralized services over telephone lines.
These central databases are being supplemented by new techniques derived from digital audio and video disc technology, which provide locally, and at low cost, access to vast amounts of information in text and graphic form.
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Meters Among the most common meters used there are the ohmmeter, the ammeter and the voltmeter.
The ohmmeter is used to measure the value of resistance.
It consists of a milliammeter calibrated to read in ohms, a battery and resistors.
The meter is connected in parallel and the circuit is not opened when its resistance is measured.
The readings on the scale show the measured value.
The ammeter is used to measure the value of current.
When the ammeter is used the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it.
One should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected to the positive terminal of the source ; the negative terminal - to the negative terminal of the source.
The ammeter should be connected in series.
The readings on the scale show the measured value.
In the middle ages in europe the watermills and windmills, brought a revolution to the production of power?
In the middle ages in europe the watermills and windmills, brought a revolution to the production of power.
The new technologies anabled people to construct wondeful cathedrals - the best example of Gothic architecture.
During the 14 century guns appeared in europe.
From the 15 to the 17 century the period of Renaissanse spread in New World was discovered and explored.
The printed books helped the development of European cultural life.
The Renaissanse saw a new interest in technology, and the new technology led to new problem.
One problem was that shipbuilding and iron industry needed a lot of wood and Europe soon lost its forests.
Another problems was the need in more powerful engines.
The 18 century in Europe was the time of the Industrial revolution, the time when technology developed very fast.
In 1712 Thomas Newcomen, an Englishman, invented the steam engine.
In the 1760, James Watt improved the Newcomen engine, which opened the way to constructing steamboat and locomotives in the early 19 century.
The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the engineering profession.
More and more universities began to train engineers.
During the 19 and 20 centuries peoples lives have greatly changed thanks to science and technology.
Achievements in transportation, comemunications and use of energy have had a great influence on the modern society.
Medical knowledge has given people longer and healthier lives.
Computers are giving us new opportunities at work and at home.
Now people have better living standards and much more free time.
On the other hand, a lot of people may argue that such great technological achievements do not come without a price.
New technology has led to creating weapons of mass destruction, new communication technology and spread of information have brought with them less privacy, the great use and abuse of natural resources is now damaging the environment, the great intensity of human life leads to stresses and makes us question the advantages of high technology.
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As the public service evolved with the other institutions of government in the United States, Critical decisions about design were made.
Many of those decisions reflected major political movements and trends.
Widespread patronage was linked to mass democracy and to populism, As was the strong reliance on simple common sense as the basic qualification for public jobs.
Politics more generally provided the justification for the incremental way in which merit and neutral competence replaced patronage.
The passage of the first civil service legislation?
The Pendleton Act?
Was not a rejection of the overt politicization of the federal service.
It was a classic political solution to the problems that patronage posed : merit would be introduced, But slowly, And through executive orders of the president, rather then trough legislative action.
Politics and merit became legally, and inextricably entwined.
As it has developed, the civil service system designed to cover 10 per cent of the existing workforce in 1883, expanded to cover most federal employees.
Because it expanded incrementally and generally at the will of the president, however , the civil service system or the merit system, as it is often called could grow only in competition with, and at the expense of, the political patronage system it was intended to correct.
From the beginning the relationship between the civil service on the one hand and elected officials and their appointees on the other was not a partnership.
But an association filed with wary antagonism.
It is not surprising then that the merit system was intended to create and protect has become a frequent target of political criticism.
At the same time, the role of the civil service and its power in government have grown larger.
The role of the civil service and the characteristics and skills of its personnel had to change to meet new demands.
The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 was intended to make the service, particularly ar the top level of management, more flexible, more responsive, and more productive.
The civil Servic Commission was abolished and new agencies were created to help with that task.
The civil sevice system remained burdened by thousands of pages of rules and regulations and did not work.
Additional reforms were undertaken ; training and development were reemphasized and compensation was made less standard.
Перевести текст : In the middle in Europe watermills and windmills brought a revolution to the production of power?
Перевести текст : In the middle in Europe watermills and windmills brought a revolution to the production of power.
The new technologies enabled people to construct wonderful cathedrals - the best example of Gotic architecture.
During the 14th century guns appeared in Europe.
From the 15th to the 17th century the period of Renaissance spread in Europe.
The new World was discovered and explored.
The printed boks helped the development of European cultural life.
The Renaissance saw a new interest in technology, and the new technology led to new problems.
One problem was that shipbuilding and iron industry needed a lot of wood and Europe soon lost its forests Another problem was the need in more powerful engines The 18th century in Europe was the time of the Industrial Revolution, the time when technology developed very fast.
In 1712 Thomas Newcomen, an Englishman, invented the steam engine.
In the 1760s, James Watt improved the Newcomen engine, which opened the way to construction steamboat and locomotives in the early 19th century.
The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the engineering profession.
More and more universities began to train engineers.
During the 19th and 20th centuries people`s lives have greatly changed thanks to scince and technology.
Achievements in transportation, comunications and use of energy have had a great influence on the modern society.
Medical knowledge has given people longer and healthier lives.
Computers are giving us new opportunities at work and at home.
Now people have better living standartsand much more free time.
One the other hand, a lot of people may argue that such great technological achievements do not come without a price.
New technology has led to creating technology and spread of information have brought with them less privacy ; the great use and abuse of natural resources is now damaging the environment ; the great intensity of human life leads to stresses and makes us question the advantages of high technology.
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the?
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the investigation into three phases is made for convenience of discussion, the same evidence is often used for three objectives, the criminal was identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts, the identity of the criminal has been discovered through his confession, the guilt of the accused has been proved, the defendant was identified and associated with the crime scene : the facts are being established with the help of the witnesses.
Как переводится?
Как переводится?
It was a sound that made Rip's heart beat wildly, for it was the terrible cry of the most cruel and cunning animal in the North - the wolf.
Нужен перевод этого текста, пожалуйста, только чтобы перевод был смысловой , а не в разброс слова?
Нужен перевод этого текста, пожалуйста, только чтобы перевод был смысловой , а не в разброс слова.
The wagons were drawn by horses along the rails to the river where the ships tied up against wooden structures called coal fell the boat tipped at the end of the staithe by a pulley and the into in this below.
In 1720 there were more than 20, 000 horses trucks way around Newcastle and the number was always increasing, It needed one man and one horse for every wagon - load of coal.
The track was usually so that the man was needed clear the way and act as a brake to when the wagon went downhill.
Coal and so mines were More boats, however, came to the staithes for opened up further from the staithes and the railway lines became longer.
Sometimes it was not possible for the colliery owner to lay the track across his own land, so he asked permission to do so from another landowner, promising to pay a certain sum of money.
If the owner of the land refused, the colliery owner asked Parliament to pass an Act forcing the landowner to have the railway lines over his land.
The first Act of this kind was passed 1758 a line near Leeds.
It was not until 1801 that an Act was passed by Parliament permitting the building of a railway line which anyone could use.
It was called the Grand Surrey Iron Railway and ran for 91 / 2 miles from Croydon to the River Thames at Wandsworth.
Unlike the railways of today.
Any goods carrier who had wagons which would run on the rails and the horses to pull them could use the track by paying a certain sum of money.
The track was a plate - way and this made it easier for the goods carriers to use the wagons on the roads.
Roads for By 1820, it was clear that the railways were better than the carrying heavy goods and that iron rails were better than wooden ones, but the engineers could not agree about the best way of pulling the trucks.
Here are the ways from which they had to choose : By horses ropes.
2. By stationary engines pulling the trucks on 3.
By locomotives driven by steam,.
Нужен перевод этого текста, пожалуйста, чтобы подходило по смыслу The wagons were drawn by horses along the rails to the river where the ships tied up against wooden structures called coal fell the bo?
Нужен перевод этого текста, пожалуйста, чтобы подходило по смыслу The wagons were drawn by horses along the rails to the river where the ships tied up against wooden structures called coal fell the boat tipped at the end of the staithe by a pulley and the into in this below.
In 1720 there were more than 20, 000 horses trucks way around Newcastle and the number was always increasing, It needed one man and one horse for every wagon - load of coal.
The track was usually so that the man was needed clear the way and act as a brake to when the wagon went downhill.
Coal and so mines were More boats, however, came to the staithes for opened up further from the staithes and the railway lines became longer.
Sometimes it was not possible for the colliery owner to lay the track across his own land, so he asked permission to do so from another landowner, promising to pay a certain sum of money.
If the owner of the land refused, the colliery owner asked Parliament to pass an Act forcing the landowner to have the railway lines over his land.
The first Act of this kind was passed 1758 a line near Leeds.
It was not until 1801 that an Act was passed by Parliament permitting the building of a railway line which anyone could use.
It was called the Grand Surrey Iron Railway and ran for 91 / 2 miles from Croydon to the River Thames at Wandsworth.
Unlike the railways of today.
Any goods carrier who had wagons which would run on the rails and the horses to pull them could use the track by paying a certain sum of money.
The track was a plate - way and this made it easier for the goods carriers to use the wagons on the roads.
Roads for By 1820, it was clear that the railways were better than the carrying heavy goods and that iron rails were better than wooden ones, but the engineers could not agree about the best way of pulling the trucks.
Here are the ways from which they had to choose : By horses ropes.
2. By stationary engines pulling the trucks on 3.
By locomotives driven by steam,.
У кого есть перевод нормальный?
У кого есть перевод нормальный.
The Development of Rubber Here is the story of rubber.
From the earliest time it was common knowledge the Peruvians that when a cut was made in the outside skin of a rubber tree , a white dliquid milk came out , and that this a sticky mass of rubber might be made .
This rubber is soft when warm, so that it is possible to give it any .
The Peruvians made the that it was very good for keeping out the wet.
Then in the early 1800's , the Americans made use of it for the first time .
First they made overshoes to their feet dry.
Then came a certain Mr.
Mackintosh, who made coats of cloth covered with natural rubber.
From that day to this we have been coating cloth with rubber as Mr.
Mackintosh, and our raincoats are still named after him.
But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in summer, and and inelastic in the winter when it was cold.
But the rubber we have today is soft and elastiс, very strong - even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter.
This was made by a man called Goodyear.
After many , he found that nitric acid made the rubber much better, but it is not hard and strong enough.
Then a strange thing took .
A friend of his , Nicholas Hayward, had the idea in his sleep that rubber might be made hard and strong if mixed with sulphur and put in the sun.
Goodyear put this idea the test, and saw that it did have more or less the desired effect - though somewhat less than more.
The only effect it had was on the outside of the drubber.
It is common knowledge now that the to make rubber hard and strong is by heating dit with sulphur.
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Наверное, contractor (подрядчик).
Ну и текст!