Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the investigation into three phases is made for convenience of discussion, the same evidence is often used for three objectives, the criminal was identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts, the identity of the criminal has been discovered through his confession, the guilt of the accused has been proved, the defendant was identified and associated with the crime scene : the facts are being established with the help of the witnesses.
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The problem of punishment.
Compared with other aspects of the Criminal Lew, the question of punisment is the most difficult.
For the lawyer it is a question whioh present special problems for a variety of reasons.
The punishment of a criminal is a combined operation of Parliameny, the courts, and the administration.
The range of penalties whioh may be imposed is in most cases set by the legistature, which fixes the maximum sentences for different offences.
For the majority of offences only the maximum penalty is prescribed by law, so that the court is left free to select in each case the appropriate sentence.
If the accused has never before been convicted of crime, the sentence is not likely to be severe, unless the crime is one of violence.
First offenders are usually treated with sympathy.
If, on the other hand, the accuused man has a long record of convictions, the judge will pass a more severe sentence.
After the court has selected what sentected seems suitable, the carrying out of this sentence falls to the lot of those who administer the penal system.
One result of this is that once sentence has been passed, the courts are no longer concerned with the offenders fate : their task is concluded.
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Очень - очень нужно(( Выберите правильную форму глагола 1.
All criminal cases ( start / are started) in the magistrates courts 2.
This serious case (tried / was tried / was trying) by the Crown Court 3.
The jury (will be decided / will have been deciding) on guilt or onnocence of this man 4.
The silicitor already (has prepared / is prepared / prepared) the case and the evidence for the trial 5.
I understood that I (met / was meeting / had met) this man before 6.
When the elderly couple (was watching / watched / has watched) a film, burglars (were breaking / broke / has broken) into their house 7.
Don't enter the room!
The jury (will be discussing / have discussed / are discussing) the verdict.
They (are discussing / will have been discussing / have been discussing) it for 3 hoyrs already.
Переведите на русский язык?
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THE WORK OF MILITIA Our militia was created by the working people to protect their rights.
The officers of our militia have always displayed courage and heroism in the fight against enemies of our state during the Great Patriotic War as well as in the years of peaceful construction.
The main aim of militia has always been to maintain public order, to protect state and personal property and safeguard the rights of our citizens.
Nowadays great attention in the work of militia is paid to prevention of crime, to its suppression.
But if a crime has been committed, the militia officers are to solve the crime as quickly as possible.
To fulfill these tasks the organs of internal affairs are composed of different departments.
The Criminal Detection Department is one of the most complicated militia services.
The main responsibility of the officer of the Criminal Detection Department is to detect the criminal, that is to locate and apprehend him.
In many cases the detective must trace a fugitive who is hiding.
The officers of the Criminal Investigation Department collect facts to prove the guilt or innocence of the suspect.
The final test of a criminal investigation is in presentation of evidence in court Corpus delict8i must be established, the defendant must be identified and associated with the crime scene.
The investigator must also provide competent witnesses.
Economic Crimes Department fights against those who don´t want to live an honest life.
The responsibility of the officers of this Department is to reveal the criminal activity of those who commit embezzlement and other economic crimes, bring them to justice.
The State Auto - Inspection is responsible for traffic regulation and safety on the roads.
The Transport Militia maintains law and order on the railway, air lines and water ways of the country.
The Juvenile Inspection handles "difficult" juveniles and their careless parents.
They also do much work to prevent juvenile delinquency.
The Correctional System is supposed to rehabilitate offenders through labour.
This is the purpose of correctional establishments.
A new service for the fight against organized crime has been created in our militia.
Organized crime operates on fear, bribery and force.
Militia officers of organized crime department are devoting their efforts to collect sufficient evidence to bring gang leaders to justice.
Перевести текст Criminal Justice It is the law courts that are to administer criminal justice in England?
Перевести текст Criminal Justice It is the law courts that are to administer criminal justice in England.
Perhaps, criminal trial in the law courts of England is not so different from criminal trials in Europe.
Still, it is interesting to note that in England newspapers mustn’t describe the accused as the “thief”, or the “murderer” ; he is “the accused”, or “the defendant”, or “the prisoner”.
Here is a description of a criminal trial in England.
First, the counsel for the prosecution tells the court what he is going to prove by evidence in his opening statement.
Then he calls his witnesses.
These persons can say what they know in answers to questions, so the examination of witnesses is very important.
Then, the counsel for the defense is to defend the prisoner.
He calls his witnesses.
The judge can interfere if any of the questions are unfair.
Every counsel may examine a witness of the opposite side.
This is the cross - examination.
The law of evidence is very strict.
Every witness must swear an oath (sometimes with his hand on the Bible) “to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth”.
A witness is to give evidence in a special “witness box”.
A witness may tell only what he himself considers to be true.
There can be no “hearsay” evidence at the trial.
When the examination of the witnesses is over, counsels for both sides make further speeches.
Then the judge is to sum up.
After that he asks the jurors to consider their verdict.
The members of the jury have to decide only the questions of fact.
Questions of the law are for the judge.
So, the jury retires to a private room to consider a verdict, i.
E. to find the prisoner “guilty” or “not guilty”.
In English law courts the judge may know the prisoner’s past record of crime, if there is any, only after the verdict.
This should help the judge to pass the just sentence – more or less severe.
Перестройте предложения из активного залога в пассивный?
Перестройте предложения из активного залога в пассивный.
1) Someone left the bomb in the city centre last night.
2) The press discusses the private lives of politicians.
3) The police have arrested the criminal and charged him with assault.
4) The Parliament invited the representatives of two parties for the discussion.
5) The Government approved the plan for the construction of a new hospital.
6) I have just posted letters.
7) They are discussing a new plan.
8) He was repairing the car.
9) The Queen presented him with a medal.
10) By the time I came they had finished their work.
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. Переведите на русский язык.
THE CRIMINAL LAW.
The criminal law, like the law generally, is interpreted by the courts but changes in the law are the matters for Parliament.
In practice, most legislation affecting criminal law is government - sponsored, but there is usually consultation between government departments and the legal profession, the police, the probation service (in Scotland, the social work agencies) and voluntary bodies.
Английский помогите пожалуйста?
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Нужно вставить слова :
catch chase go solve commit
1.
The detective used all the clues he had to ______ the criminal.
2. Murderes usually ______ to prison.
3. The police often use dogs to ______ a criminal.
4. When someone ______ a crime, he / she becomes a criminal.
5. Sometimes the FBI help the police to _______ crime.
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CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CASES Crime is a violation of a law that forbids or commands an activity.
Such as murder, rape, arson are on the books of every country.
Because crime is a violation of public order, the government prosecutes criminal cases.
Courts decide both criminal and civil cases.
Civil cases stem from claims to something of value.
Disputes arise from accidents, contract obligations, and divorce, for example.
Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures.
For example, an English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution.
But the victim of the crime pursuits his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action.
Criminal and civil procedures are different.
Although some systems, in the English law, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution to another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by the state.
Civil procedures, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals.
Some courts, such as the English Magistrates Courts and the Japanese Family Court, deal with both civil and criminal matters.
Others, such as the English Crown Court, deal exclusively with one or the other.
In Anglo - American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff.
In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant.
A criminal case against a person called Ms.
Brown would be described as "The People vs.
(versus, or against) Brown" in the United States and "R.
(Regina, that is, the Queen) vs.
Brown" in England.
But a civil action between Ms.
Brown and Mr.
Smith would be "Brown vs.
Smith" if it was started by Brown, and "Smith vs.
Brown" if it was started by Mr.
Smith.
Evidence from a criminal trial is not necessarily admissible as evidence in a civil action about the same matter.
For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of careless driving.
He still has to prove his case in a civil action.
In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial.
Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of money, or damages, the defendant should pay to the plaintiff.
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Сложно перевести текст помогите кто может!
Text 3.
Criminal Process in England and Wales
(1) Under English law there are three types of trial processes in criminal law.
The types of criminal trial are "summary" or "indictment" and the third type is "either way" which is an offence that can be tried in either court.
Summary trials take place in the lower court, i.
E. the Magistrates Court.
Indictment trials normally start in the Magistrates Court before they are referred to the higher court, the Crown Court for trial.
(2) The criminal court process in England and Wales starts with an indictment.
An indictment is the legal term for the criminal charges that form the basis of the trial.
The prosecution of the indictment is generally carried out the Crown Prosecution Service or CPS.
The CPS are the legal arm of the state and they decide if the information and evidence provided by the police is solid enough for criminal charges to be brought against the defendant.
This initial process is termed the committal.
Committal proceedings are dealt with by a magistrate.
The magistrate will access the evidence.
(3) Less serious offences are dealt with in the Magistrate Court, these types of offences are called summary offences.
Offences that fall into this group include low level motoring offences, minor assault, some arson cases and other low level crime such as criminal damage and taking without the drivers consent.
There are limits to the types of cases that a Magistrates Court can deal with.
Trials in the Magistrate Court take place in one of two ways.
The most common of these is a trial that takes place before a bench of "lay magistrates".
This must be made up of at least three people but they are not normally lawyers or solicitors.
The less common type of Magistrates Court trial is that of a Stipendiary Magistrate.
(4) Crown Courts deal with the more serious criminal offences.
These crimes are titled indictable offences and cover a wide range of acts.
Indictable offences include murder, manslaughter, kidnapping, blackmail and armed robbery.
People charged with these offences have their first court appearance in the Magistrates Court before the Crown Court.
At this stage the Magistrate must decide if the defendant should be released on bail or to keep him / her in custody.
This stage of the process is called the first appearance.
In the Crown Court the trial is overseen by a Circuit Judge or a High Court Judge and a jury.
The status of the judge depends on the seriousness of the offence and complex nature of the offence.
A jury is only called in the defendant enters a plea of "not guilty".
(5) “Either way” cases are those that are between the two levels and can be tried by magistrates or by a Judge and Jury in a Crown Court.
Magistrates can "decline jurisdiction" on cases that they believe are too serious for them to deal with.
Then the case must be dealt with in the Crown Court.
An adult defendant can ask for trial by jury in a crown court and the court system must agree to this.
(6) The judge supervises the criminal trial by attempting to ensure clarity and fairness of the proceedings.
The judge must also decides on legal issues (such as whether a piece of evidence is admissible - should be put before the jury) and also instruct the jury as to the correct view to the case.
In England and Wales juries are made up of 12 people aged between 18 and 70 years old.
It is the role of the jury to decide if the defendant is either guilty or innocent.
The jury will access the evidence before them and come to a verdict.
The verdict can either be a unanimous verdict where all the jurors are united in their view or a majority verdict where the majority of the jury has agreed on an outcome.
Trial by Jury has been central to English Common Law since the Magna Carta was signed by King John in 1215.
In criminal cases, the prosecution must prove guilt of the defendant.
The defendant does not have to prove his / her innocence.
The standard of proof required in law is that the case must be proved beyond reasonable doubt.
If a defendant is found guilty then it is the judge that will pass sentence and also set the length of time the defendant will serve for their crime.
There is a course to appeal after the first trial but there needs to be compelling evidence for an appeal to be heard.
(7) Criminal law in England is always developing and the recent Heathrow robbery trial was the first trial without a jury in England for nearly four hundred years.
The trial was carried out in front of a judge because of fears of jury tampering.
Переведите, пожалуйста, At the practical Anatomy class we study the human body?
Переведите, пожалуйста, At the practical Anatomy class we study the human body.
The principle parts of the
human body are the head, the trunk and the limbs (extremities).
We speak of the upper
extremities (arms) and the lower extremities (legs).
The head consists of two parts : the skull which contains the brain, and the face
which consists of the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and
the chin.
In the mouth there are gums with teeth, the tongue and the palate.
The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.
The upper part of the trunk is the
chest and the lower one is the abdomen.
The principle organs in the chest are the
lungs, the heart and the gullet (esophagus).
We breathe with the lungs.
The heart
contracts and makes 60 - 80 beats per minute.
The principle organs in the abdominal cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen,
the intestine, the kidneys, the gall - bladder and the bladder.
The framework of the bones is called the skeleton ; it supports the soft parts and
protects the organs form injury.
The bones are covered with muscles.
The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder.
Each arm consists
of the upper arm, forearm, elbow, wrist and hand.
We have four fingers and a thumb
on each hand.
The lower extremity (the leg) consists.
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Уголовное идентифицируется ; подозреваемый был отслеживаются и находится ; факты собраны для суда презентации, разделение расследования трех фаз сделано для удобства обсуждения, то же самое доказательство часто используется для трех целей, уголовное был идентифицирован как лицо, совершившее преступные деяния, личность преступника был обнаружен с помощью его признанию, виновность обвиняемого доказана, подсудимый был идентифицирован и связан с места преступления : факты создаются с помощью свидетелей.