Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Перевести текст Criminal Justice It is the law courts that are to administer criminal justice in England.
Perhaps, criminal trial in the law courts of England is not so different from criminal trials in Europe.
Still, it is interesting to note that in England newspapers mustn’t describe the accused as the “thief”, or the “murderer” ; he is “the accused”, or “the defendant”, or “the prisoner”.
Here is a description of a criminal trial in England.
First, the counsel for the prosecution tells the court what he is going to prove by evidence in his opening statement.
Then he calls his witnesses.
These persons can say what they know in answers to questions, so the examination of witnesses is very important.
Then, the counsel for the defense is to defend the prisoner.
He calls his witnesses.
The judge can interfere if any of the questions are unfair.
Every counsel may examine a witness of the opposite side.
This is the cross - examination.
The law of evidence is very strict.
Every witness must swear an oath (sometimes with his hand on the Bible) “to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth”.
A witness is to give evidence in a special “witness box”.
A witness may tell only what he himself considers to be true.
There can be no “hearsay” evidence at the trial.
When the examination of the witnesses is over, counsels for both sides make further speeches.
Then the judge is to sum up.
After that he asks the jurors to consider their verdict.
The members of the jury have to decide only the questions of fact.
Questions of the law are for the judge.
So, the jury retires to a private room to consider a verdict, i.
E. to find the prisoner “guilty” or “not guilty”.
In English law courts the judge may know the prisoner’s past record of crime, if there is any, only after the verdict.
This should help the judge to pass the just sentence – more or less severe.
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The problem of punishment.
Compared with other aspects of the Criminal Lew, the question of punisment is the most difficult.
For the lawyer it is a question whioh present special problems for a variety of reasons.
The punishment of a criminal is a combined operation of Parliameny, the courts, and the administration.
The range of penalties whioh may be imposed is in most cases set by the legistature, which fixes the maximum sentences for different offences.
For the majority of offences only the maximum penalty is prescribed by law, so that the court is left free to select in each case the appropriate sentence.
If the accused has never before been convicted of crime, the sentence is not likely to be severe, unless the crime is one of violence.
First offenders are usually treated with sympathy.
If, on the other hand, the accuused man has a long record of convictions, the judge will pass a more severe sentence.
After the court has selected what sentected seems suitable, the carrying out of this sentence falls to the lot of those who administer the penal system.
One result of this is that once sentence has been passed, the courts are no longer concerned with the offenders fate : their task is concluded.
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Подскажите, пожалуйста.
Указать герундий Cross - examining was held before a jury Перевести The judge started asking the witnesses questions by the defence.
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Подчеркните в тексте сказуемые и определите их залог (активный или пассивный) и время.
JUSTICE The English have given the world the system of English law that has its origins in Anglo - Saxon times.
Two of its hallmarks are its preference for customary law (the common law), and its system of application by locally appointed part - time magistrates, by locally chosen juries, and by the travelling judges going from one county town to another on circuit.
Other aspects of the English law are the fundamental assumption that an accused person is deemed innocent until proved guilty and the independence of the judiciary from intervention by crown or government in the judicial process.
The legal system is divided into civil and criminal courts.
The House of Lords is the ultimate court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases.
At the base of the criminal court system, the magistrates’ courts try more than 97 percent of the criminal cases.
More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities.
In 1971 the Crown Courts replaced the individual courts, and it is now a single court that may sit anywhere in England, deal with any trial on indictment, and hear appeals and proceedings either on a sentence or on civil matters.
Civil cases are dealt with in County courts.
Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.
The legal system of Great Britain also includes juvenile courts which deal with offenders under seventeen, and coroners’ courts which investigate violent or unnatural death.
Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and between individuals and government departments.
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The Courts in our Country
The court is an organ of state that administers justice on the basis of the laws of the state.
There are courts of first instance and second instance.
A court of first instance examines a case in substance and brings in a sentence or a judgement.
A court of second instance examines appeals and protests against sentences and judgements of courts of first instance.
However, any court may sit as a court of first instance.
The basic judicial organ is the district court.
It tries both criminal and civil cases.
The district court consists of a judge and two assessors.
Cases are tried in public and proceedings are oral.
The participants in the trial (the victim, the accused, the plaintiff, the defendant and others) speak in open court.
The accused has the right to defence.
The highest judicial organ is the country's Supreme Court supervising the activities of all the judicial organs of the state.
As a court of first instance it tries the most important criminal and civil cases.
It also hears appeals against sentences and judgements of lower courts.
Переведите пожалуйста предложение, а конкретно фразу "sumps up the evidence" в данном предложении?
Переведите пожалуйста предложение, а конкретно фразу "sumps up the evidence" в данном предложении.
(ибо переводчик переводит совсем не по теме) In jury trials the judge decides questions of law, sumps up the evidence for the jury and instructs it on the relevant law, and discharges the accused or passes sentence.
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the?
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the investigation into three phases is made for convenience of discussion, the same evidence is often used for three objectives, the criminal was identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts, the identity of the criminal has been discovered through his confession, the guilt of the accused has been proved, the defendant was identified and associated with the crime scene : the facts are being established with the help of the witnesses.
During the trial the defendant has the right to cross - examine witnesses for the prosecution?
During the trial the defendant has the right to cross - examine witnesses for the prosecution.
Подскажите, пожалуйста, в какой функции стоит инфинитив to cross - examine : дополнение или определение?
. Переведите на русский язык?
. Переведите на русский язык.
THE CRIMINAL LAW.
The criminal law, like the law generally, is interpreted by the courts but changes in the law are the matters for Parliament.
In practice, most legislation affecting criminal law is government - sponsored, but there is usually consultation between government departments and the legal profession, the police, the probation service (in Scotland, the social work agencies) and voluntary bodies.
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Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CASES Crime is a violation of a law that forbids or commands an activity.
Such as murder, rape, arson are on the books of every country.
Because crime is a violation of public order, the government prosecutes criminal cases.
Courts decide both criminal and civil cases.
Civil cases stem from claims to something of value.
Disputes arise from accidents, contract obligations, and divorce, for example.
Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures.
For example, an English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution.
But the victim of the crime pursuits his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action.
Criminal and civil procedures are different.
Although some systems, in the English law, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution to another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by the state.
Civil procedures, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals.
Some courts, such as the English Magistrates Courts and the Japanese Family Court, deal with both civil and criminal matters.
Others, such as the English Crown Court, deal exclusively with one or the other.
In Anglo - American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff.
In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant.
A criminal case against a person called Ms.
Brown would be described as "The People vs.
(versus, or against) Brown" in the United States and "R.
(Regina, that is, the Queen) vs.
Brown" in England.
But a civil action between Ms.
Brown and Mr.
Smith would be "Brown vs.
Smith" if it was started by Brown, and "Smith vs.
Brown" if it was started by Mr.
Smith.
Evidence from a criminal trial is not necessarily admissible as evidence in a civil action about the same matter.
For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of careless driving.
He still has to prove his case in a civil action.
In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial.
Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of money, or damages, the defendant should pay to the plaintiff.
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Сложно перевести текст помогите кто может!
Text 3.
Criminal Process in England and Wales
(1) Under English law there are three types of trial processes in criminal law.
The types of criminal trial are "summary" or "indictment" and the third type is "either way" which is an offence that can be tried in either court.
Summary trials take place in the lower court, i.
E. the Magistrates Court.
Indictment trials normally start in the Magistrates Court before they are referred to the higher court, the Crown Court for trial.
(2) The criminal court process in England and Wales starts with an indictment.
An indictment is the legal term for the criminal charges that form the basis of the trial.
The prosecution of the indictment is generally carried out the Crown Prosecution Service or CPS.
The CPS are the legal arm of the state and they decide if the information and evidence provided by the police is solid enough for criminal charges to be brought against the defendant.
This initial process is termed the committal.
Committal proceedings are dealt with by a magistrate.
The magistrate will access the evidence.
(3) Less serious offences are dealt with in the Magistrate Court, these types of offences are called summary offences.
Offences that fall into this group include low level motoring offences, minor assault, some arson cases and other low level crime such as criminal damage and taking without the drivers consent.
There are limits to the types of cases that a Magistrates Court can deal with.
Trials in the Magistrate Court take place in one of two ways.
The most common of these is a trial that takes place before a bench of "lay magistrates".
This must be made up of at least three people but they are not normally lawyers or solicitors.
The less common type of Magistrates Court trial is that of a Stipendiary Magistrate.
(4) Crown Courts deal with the more serious criminal offences.
These crimes are titled indictable offences and cover a wide range of acts.
Indictable offences include murder, manslaughter, kidnapping, blackmail and armed robbery.
People charged with these offences have their first court appearance in the Magistrates Court before the Crown Court.
At this stage the Magistrate must decide if the defendant should be released on bail or to keep him / her in custody.
This stage of the process is called the first appearance.
In the Crown Court the trial is overseen by a Circuit Judge or a High Court Judge and a jury.
The status of the judge depends on the seriousness of the offence and complex nature of the offence.
A jury is only called in the defendant enters a plea of "not guilty".
(5) “Either way” cases are those that are between the two levels and can be tried by magistrates or by a Judge and Jury in a Crown Court.
Magistrates can "decline jurisdiction" on cases that they believe are too serious for them to deal with.
Then the case must be dealt with in the Crown Court.
An adult defendant can ask for trial by jury in a crown court and the court system must agree to this.
(6) The judge supervises the criminal trial by attempting to ensure clarity and fairness of the proceedings.
The judge must also decides on legal issues (such as whether a piece of evidence is admissible - should be put before the jury) and also instruct the jury as to the correct view to the case.
In England and Wales juries are made up of 12 people aged between 18 and 70 years old.
It is the role of the jury to decide if the defendant is either guilty or innocent.
The jury will access the evidence before them and come to a verdict.
The verdict can either be a unanimous verdict where all the jurors are united in their view or a majority verdict where the majority of the jury has agreed on an outcome.
Trial by Jury has been central to English Common Law since the Magna Carta was signed by King John in 1215.
In criminal cases, the prosecution must prove guilt of the defendant.
The defendant does not have to prove his / her innocence.
The standard of proof required in law is that the case must be proved beyond reasonable doubt.
If a defendant is found guilty then it is the judge that will pass sentence and also set the length of time the defendant will serve for their crime.
There is a course to appeal after the first trial but there needs to be compelling evidence for an appeal to be heard.
(7) Criminal law in England is always developing and the recent Heathrow robbery trial was the first trial without a jury in England for nearly four hundred years.
The trial was carried out in front of a judge because of fears of jury tampering.
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Уголовное судопроизводство
Именно суды , которые должны управлять уголовного правосудия в Англии.
Может быть, уголовный процесс в судах Англии не так уж отличается от уголовных дел в Европе.
Тем не менее, это интересно отметить, что в Англии газеты не должны описыватьобвиняемого в «вора », или « убийцы » ; он "обвинил " или "Ответчик " или "заключенный " .
Вотописание уголовного процесса в Англии.
Во - первых, обвинитель говорит суду, что он собирается доказать доказательств в своем вступительном заявлении .
Затем он называет его свидетелей.
Эти лица могут сказать , что они знают ответов на вопросы, такдопрос свидетелей является очень важным.
Затем, защитника является защита плен.
Он называет его свидетелей.
Судья может вмешаться , если какой - либо из вопросов, несправедливы .
Каждый адвокат может допрашивать свидетеля противоположной стороны .
Этоперекрестный допрос .
Доказательственное право является очень строгим .
Каждый свидетель должен дать клятву (иногда с его стороны на Библии ) " сказать правду , всю правду и ничего, кроме правды ».
Свидетель давать показания в специальном " для дачи свидетельских показаний ».
Свидетель может сказать только то, что он сам считает , чтобы быть правдой .
Там не может быть " слухи " доказательством в суде.
Когдадопрос свидетелей окончен, советы для обеих сторон предпринимать дальнейшие выступления .
Тогдасудья подводить итоги.
После этого он просит присяжных для рассмотрения их вердикт.
Члены жюри должны решить только вопросы факта .
Вопросы закона являются для судьи .
Таким образом, жюри удаляется в отдельную комнату , чтобы рассмотреть приговор, то есть , чтобы найти в плен " виновным " или "не виновен " .
В английском праве судысудья может знать прошлое рекорд заключенного преступления , если таковые имеются, только после вынесения приговора .
Это должно помочь судье пройти только приговор - более или менее серьезными.