Английский язык | 5 - 9 классы
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ELECTRONICS 1.
Electronics is a branch of physics that deals with the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons (as in electron tubes and transistors) and with electronic devices.
Electronics encompasses an exceptionally broad range of technology.
The term originally was applied to the study of electron behaviour and movement.
It came to be used in its broader sense with advances in knowledge about the fundamental nature of electrons and about the way in which the motion of these particles could be utilized.
Today many scientific and technical disciplines—including physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, and electrical and electronic engineering—deal with different aspects of electronics.
2. Research in these fields has led to the development of such key devices as transistors, integrated circuits, lasers, and optical fibres.
These in turn have made it possible to manufacture a wide array of electronic consumer, industrial, and military products.
These products range from cellular radiotelephone systems and videocassette recorders to high - performance supercomputers and sophisticated weapons systems.
The impact of electronics on modern life has been pervasive.
It can be said that the world is in the midst of an electronic revolution at least as significant as the industrial revolution of the 19th century.
Evidence of this is apparent everywhere.
3. Electronics is essential, for example, in telecommunications.
An ever - increasing volume of information is transmitted in digital form.
Digital techniques, in which signals are converted into groups of pulses, allow the intermingling of voice, television, and computer signals into one very rapid series of pulses on a single channel that can be separated at the receiving end and reconstituted into the signals originally sent.
Because the digital pulses can be regenerated perfectly after they become attenuated with distance, no noise or other degradation is apparent at the receiving end.
4. Electronic controls for industrial machines and processes have made possible dramatic improvements in productivity and quality.
Computer - aided design tools facilitate the designing of parts that have complex shapes, such as aircraft wings, or intricate structures, such as integrated circuits.
The production of designs of this sort is done by computer - controlled machines that receive instructions directly from the design tools.
5. Access to knowledge has been made far easier by computerized indexes of scientific and technical journals, which are accessible from centralized services over telephone lines.
These central databases are being supplemented by new techniques derived from digital audio and video disc technology, which provide locally, and at low cost, access to vast amounts of information in text and graphic form.
№1. Which of the following terms does not belong to electronics?
№1. Which of the following terms does not belong to electronics?
Transistor, resistor, capacitor, contractor, processor.
LARGE - SCALE INTEGRATION IN ELECTRONICS
The most advancing technology of the present industrial age is that of electronics.
The introduction of the transistor in its day seemed a marvel of compactness compared with the glass vacuum tube.
Now the size of electronic devices has been reduced by 10 every five years which has led to a great compression.
When the term microelectronics first came into use, a chip of silicon a tenth of a square inch might hold 10 to 20 transistors, together with a few diodes, capacitors and resistors.
Now such chips can contain thousands of separate electronic components.
Before the appearance of the transistor each type of component in an electronic circuit was made from one or more materials with the required electrical characteristics.
For example, carbon was used for resistors, ceramics and a dielectric for capacitors, tungsten for emitters in vacuum tubes and so on.
These components were then used like building blocks in creating a circuit with specified characteristics and responses.
Circuits were combined into systems, such as a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, a radar set or a computer.
From the earliest days electronics has been a technology of complex interconnections.
A small radar set can easily have as many interconnections as an oil refinery.
To simplify a system design and reduce the number of interconnections engineers developed a series of standard circuit modules.
Each module performed a specific function and was used as logical building block for creating the systems.
The transistor could readily be assembled with resistors and capacitors of about the same size on a small plastic board.
These modular circuit boards of the size of a playing card could then be plugged together as needed.
As transistor technology developed it was important to decrease the size of components and the length of interconnections.
The physical limit of finding room for connections in an ever decreasing area was fast approaching.
This limitation and the complexity of system design made the search for a new technology imperative.
The technology that resulted was microelectronics embodied in the integrated circuit.
It made possible to produce (as a part of a single chip of silicon) transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors joining them into a complete circuit.
The technology that produces such high - density electronic circuits is called large - scale integration, or LSI.
Although the term has no precise definition, it is usually reserved for integrated circuits that comprise 100 or more “gates”, or individual circuit functions, with a density of 50, 000 to 100, 000 components per square inch.
If the upper value could be achieved throughout a cubic inch of material, the density of electronic components would be about a fourth of the density of nerve cells in the human brain.
It now seems inevitable that microelectronic circuits, including LSI, will soon find their way into a variety of new applications which will have great impact on industry and everyday life.
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Перевод текста.
Engineering is a very practical activity.
It is the process of applying the latest achievements of science and technology info practice.
There are a lot of branches in engineering.
Mechanical engineers are experts in the design and manufacture of tools and machines.
Mechanical engineering has marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating branches.
Electrical engineering deals with producing and applying electricity in various fields of national economy.
It has the following branches : electrical installation, electrical generation, lightning, etc.
Components and equipment for computing and communicating are the products of electronic engineering.
Civil engineering deals with constructing bridges, roads and airports.
Помогите ответить на вопросы по тексту : Hundreds of electronic equipments are now used for scientific, industrial and everyday purposes?
Помогите ответить на вопросы по тексту : Hundreds of electronic equipments are now used for scientific, industrial and everyday purposes.
They help to do jobs better or more rationally than before and take over jobs that couldn't be done otherwise.
So, industrial electronics undoubtedly plays a very important role today You can easily find many electronic equipments at home : a tape recorder, a TV set, an MP3 player, a computer and many others.
The application and use of electronic equipments demands a good knowledge of their fundamentals.
In meters and lamps electricity flows in the wire.
But inside any transistor or microchip (and previously, in radio tubes) electric current passes through the space (or semiconductor) separating certain parts in this detail.
Such action is called electronic.
It's not difficult to imagine it because the same happens in lightning.
There you actually see how electricity jumps through space.
The first electronic equipments used radio lamps.
They were : a radio set, a TV set, computing machines (predecessors of modern calculators), computers (which occupied big rooms), tape recorders.
The next stage came when transistors were invented.
The devices became more powerful and much smaller.
The number of devices increased greatly, some multifunctional devices appeared (radio + tape recorder).
Computers and calculators became smaller : cassette recorders and video - cassette recorders appeared.
The next period was the period of microchips.
They helped to reduce big parts of devices, computers and other devices.
The latest period of industrial electronics development is the period of total digitization of all electronic devices, making them compatible with the computer.
Photos are no longer made on film but on memory cards, cassettes and video cassettes are out of use.
Television is also becoming digital.
Industrial electronics is a great part of our leisure time, it makes people's lives easier, and reduces their working time.
Помогите перевести) As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting?
Помогите перевести) As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting.
Now we'll get acquainted with the computer system units that perform these functions.
But to begin with let's examine computer systems from the perspective of the system designer, or architect.
It should be noted that computers and their accessory equipment are designed by a computer system architect, who usually has a strong engineering background.
As contrasted with the analyst, who uses a computer to solve specific problems, the computer system architect usually designs computer that can be used for many different applications in many different business.
For example, the product lines of major computer manufacturers such as IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation and many others are the result of the efforts of teams of computer system architects.
Unless you are studying engineering, you don't need to become a computer system architect.
However, it is important that as a potential user, applications programmer or systems analyst you understand the functions of the major units of a computer system and how they work together.
Types of computers The two basic types of computers are analog and digital.
Analog computers simulate physical systems.
They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied.
For example, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quantities such as speed, temperature, or pressure.
The response of an analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time.
Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control.
Digital computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities.
They count rather than measure.
They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on - going, or real - time processes.
Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form for digital computation.
This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing.
Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers.
Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices.
The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers.
An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines.
In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning.
Analog sensors will provide inputs to the control centres of these systems, which will be small digital computers.
Complete the text with the words from the box and copy it down?
Complete the text with the words from the box and copy it down.
Read the rules and the examples?
Read the rules and the examples.
Then make sentences.
_________________
We use this / these for things near us.
We use this in the singular and these in the plural.
We use that / those for things far away from us.
We use that in the singular and those in the plural.
Read the next and fill the gaps with and or with?
Read the next and fill the gaps with and or with.
Помогите задать вопросы к текстуComputers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of the processing in a specified format as information?
Помогите задать вопросы к тексту
Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of the processing in a specified format as information.
Three basic steps are involved in the process.
First, data are fed into the computer’s memory.
Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data.
Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form.
Information in the form of data and programs is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware.
A standard computer system consists of three main sections : the central processing unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals.
Perhaps the most influential component is the central processing unit.
Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units.
In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer.
The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU.
The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer.
They include storage devices and input / output devices.
Storage devices (floppy, hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs.
Disk drives are used to handle one or more floppy disks.
Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory.
The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard.
Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system.
For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.
On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners.
These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration.
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У кого есть перевод нормальный.
The Development of Rubber Here is the story of rubber.
From the earliest time it was common knowledge the Peruvians that when a cut was made in the outside skin of a rubber tree , a white dliquid milk came out , and that this a sticky mass of rubber might be made .
This rubber is soft when warm, so that it is possible to give it any .
The Peruvians made the that it was very good for keeping out the wet.
Then in the early 1800's , the Americans made use of it for the first time .
First they made overshoes to their feet dry.
Then came a certain Mr.
Mackintosh, who made coats of cloth covered with natural rubber.
From that day to this we have been coating cloth with rubber as Mr.
Mackintosh, and our raincoats are still named after him.
But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in summer, and and inelastic in the winter when it was cold.
But the rubber we have today is soft and elastiс, very strong - even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter.
This was made by a man called Goodyear.
After many , he found that nitric acid made the rubber much better, but it is not hard and strong enough.
Then a strange thing took .
A friend of his , Nicholas Hayward, had the idea in his sleep that rubber might be made hard and strong if mixed with sulphur and put in the sun.
Goodyear put this idea the test, and saw that it did have more or less the desired effect - though somewhat less than more.
The only effect it had was on the outside of the drubber.
It is common knowledge now that the to make rubber hard and strong is by heating dit with sulphur.
Complete the table with have and has?
Complete the table with have and has.
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1. Electronics in our lives.
2. Echievements of electronics
3.
Electronics and telecommunications.
4. Electronics and databases.