Английский язык | студенческий
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1. Law protects and directs the actions of all people equally.
2. Most cases — and some of the best - known — that come before the Supreme Court involve charges that individual rights or freedoms have been violated.
3. Whatever is done to try to decrease criminal activity, it will be done within the strict rules provided by the Constitution and watched over carefully by the system of courts, which has the Supreme Court as its head.
4. A charge was made that a state government agency was breaking the law.
5. He had been reading law books in the prison library, so he wrote to the Supreme Court, saying he had been denied the right to be represented by a lawyer.
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Judiciary of England and Wales The English have given(present perfect) the world the system of English law that has its origins in Anglo - Saxon times.
The legal system in England and Wales is divided into civil and criminal courts, which hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case.
The lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law.
The House of Lords is the ultimate court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases.
At the base of the criminal court system, the magistrates’ courts try more than 97 percent of the criminal cases.
More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities.
In 1971 the Crown Courts replaced the individual courts, and it is now a single court that may sit anywhere in England, deal with any trial on indictment, and hear appeals and proceedings either on a sentence or on civil matters.
Civil cases are dealt with in County courts.
In England, simple civil actions, for example family matters such as undefended divorce, are normally heard in either the Magistrates’ Courts or the County Courts.
There’s no jury in a Magistrates’ Court.
Family cases may go on appeal from the Magistrates’ Court to the County Courts.
The County Court also hears complex first instance civil cases, such as contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods or services, and bankruptcy cases.
Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.
The legal system of Great Britain also includes juvenile courts, which deal with offenders under seventeen, and coroners’ courts which investigate violent or unnatural death.
Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and between individuals and government departments.
More complex civil cases are heard in the High Court of Justice, which is divided into three divisions : Family, Chancery and Queen’s Bench.
The court has both original, that is, first instance, and appellate jurisdiction.
From the High Court cases may go on appeal to the civil division of the Court of Appeal, which can reverse or uphold a decision of the lower courts.
Its decisions bind all the lower civil courts.
Civil cases may leap frog from the High Court to the House of Lords, bypassing the Court of Appeal, when points of law of general public importance are involved.
The court of the House of Lords consists of twelve life peers appointed from judges and barristers.
The quorum, or minimum number, of law lords for an appeal hearing is normally three, but generally there is a sitting of five judges.
About 95% of all criminal cases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts, which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones.
In certain circumstances, the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court.
A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates’ Court.
Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court.
In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with.
The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas.
From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal.
If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
Помогите перевести текстThe US System of GovernmentThe United States of America (USA), consisting of 50 states and the District of Columbia, is a presidential Republic?
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The US System of Government
The United States of America (USA), consisting of 50 states and the District of Columbia, is a presidential Republic.
The total area of the USA is over nine million square kilometers.
The population of the USA is about 250 million people.
The capital of the USA is Washington.
American English is the official language of the USA.
The legislative branch of the US Government, or the Congress, represents all the American states.
It consists of two parts : the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Each state has two senators, who are elected every 6 years.
A senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the United States for 9 years, and live in the state he or she will represent.
A representative must be at least 25 years old, a citizen for 7 years, and live in the state.
The job of the Congress is to make laws.
The President can veto a bill.
The Congress can pass the law anyway if it gets a two - thirds majority vote.
The Congress can also declare war.
The House of Representatives can also impeach the President.
That means that the House can charge the President with a crime.
In this case, the Senate will put the President on trial.
The Senate also votes to approve the justices that the President appoints to the Supreme Court.
The executive branch of the government puts the country’s laws into effect.
The President of the United States is a member of the executive branch.
The President must be at least 35 years old, and be a natural citizen of the USA.
In addition, he must have lived in the US for at least 14 years, and be a civilian.
The president is elected every four years and cannot serve more than two terms.
The Vice - President of the USA is president of the Senate.
When the President receives a bill from the Congress, he must sign it, and then the bill becomes a law.
However if he disagrees with the law, he can veto it.
The President can also ask the Congress to declare war.
He also appoints the justices to the Supreme Court.
He must do his job according to the Constitution, or he may be impeached.
The judicial branch of the government is the system of courts in the United States.
Its job is to enforce laws.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country.
It consists of nine justices : one Chief Justice and eight associate justices.
The President appoints the justices, but the Senate must approve them.
The justices are appointed for life.
The Supreme Court makes sure that people obey the laws.
The Supreme Court can also decide if a law is constitutional, that is, if it is in agreement with the Constitution.
The judicial branch works together with the legislative and executive branches to protect the Constitution and the rights of people.
The White House is the President’s residence.
The US national flag – Stars and Stripes – is red, white and blue.
13 stripes represent the original 13 states of the USA ; the 50 stars represent the current number of states of the USA.
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The U.
S. Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices, and the responsibility and power of these nine people are extraordinary.
Supreme Court decisions can affect the lives of all Americans and can change society significantly.
This has happened many times in the course of American history.
In the past, Supreme Court rulings have halted actions by American presidents, have declared unconstitutional – and therefore void – laws passed by the Congress (the government's lawmaking body), have freed people from prison and have given new protection and freedom to black Americans and other minorities.
The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal and it may rule in cases in which someone claims that a lower court ruling on a Federal law is unjust or in which someone claims there has been a violation of the United States Constitution, the nation's basic law.
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Выберите один правильный ответ.
In which case may the Supreme Court overturn the verdict of a lower court?
A. When someone claims that the court of first instance has not applied the Federal law properly ;
B.
When someone claims that he / she has not really committed a crime ;
C.
When someone claims that he / she has been severely offended by the behavior or words of the judge.
Подберите к предложениям в первой колонке соответствующие глаголы из второй колонки таблицы?
Подберите к предложениям в первой колонке соответствующие глаголы из второй колонки таблицы.
Колонка 1
1.
A person … in a magistrates’ court may appeal against its decision to the Crown court.
2. The legal system for England and Wales is … on statute law and common law.
3. The Supreme Court considers cases … from the Court of Appeal.
4. The evidence … by this advocate is very important for the case.
5. Do you see that man … to the prosecutor?
6. Look!
This witness is … evidence!
Колонка 2
a) referred
b) convicted
c) based
d) talking
e) giving
f) presented.
Подскажите, есть ли ошибки в составленном тексте?
Подскажите, есть ли ошибки в составленном тексте.
The Royal Court of London is the most beautiful building in the Gothic style.
There is the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of England and Wales.
The courthouse is located in the heart of London on Strand Street and was built in the 1870s by a project of former lawyer George Edmund Street.
The courthouse was open at the time of Queen Victoria in 1882.
People can attend any of the court sessions or simply admire the magnificent interiors of the Royal Court.
Translate the text from English into Russian :Constitutional and administrative lawThe French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional valueConst?
Translate the text from English into Russian :
Constitutional and administrative law
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value
Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state.
Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state.
Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution with a bill of rights.
A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document.
A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the body politic, from statute, case law and convention.
A case named Entick v Carrington illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law.
MrEntick's house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington.
When MrEntick complained in court, Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax, was valid authority.
However, there was no written statutory provision or court authority.
The leading judge, Lord Camden, stated that,
The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property.
That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole .
If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment.
The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by John Locke, holds that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that which is authorised by law.
Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account.
People can apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law.
The first specialist administrative court was the Conseild'État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.
Make up 5 different questions to the text.
Give the main idea of the whole text in 5 - 7 sentences.
Переведите текстConstitutional and administrative lawThe French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional valueConstitutional and administrative l?
Переведите текст
Constitutional and administrative law
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value
Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state.
Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state.
Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution with a bill of rights.
A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document.
A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the body politic, from statute, case law and convention.
A case named Entick v Carrington illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law.
MrEntick's house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington.
When MrEntick complained in court, Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax, was valid authority.
However, there was no written statutory provision or court authority.
The leading judge, Lord Camden, stated that,
The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property.
That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole .
If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment.
The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by John Locke, holds that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that which is authorised by law.
Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account.
People can apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law.
The first specialist administrative court was the Conseild'État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.
Составить 5 любых вопросов к текстуConstitutional and administrative lawThe French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional valueConstitutional a?
Составить 5 любых вопросов к тексту
Constitutional and administrative law
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value
Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state.
Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state.
Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution with a bill of rights.
A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document.
A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the body politic, from statute, case law and convention.
A case named Entick v Carrington illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law.
MrEntick's house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington.
When MrEntick complained in court, Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax, was valid authority.
However, there was no written statutory provision or court authority.
The leading judge, Lord Camden, stated that,
The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property.
That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole .
If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment.
The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by John Locke, holds that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that which is authorised by law.
Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account.
People can apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law.
The first specialist administrative court was the Conseild'État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.
Нужен краткий пересказ к тексту( 5 - 7 предложений)Constitutional and administrative lawThe French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value?
Нужен краткий пересказ к тексту( 5 - 7 предложений)
Constitutional and administrative law
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value
Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state.
Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state.
Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution with a bill of rights.
A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document.
A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the body politic, from statute, case law and convention.
A case named Entick v Carrington illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law.
MrEntick's house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington.
When MrEntick complained in court, Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax, was valid authority.
However, there was no written statutory provision or court authority.
The leading judge, Lord Camden, stated that,
The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property.
That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole .
If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment.
The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by John Locke, holds that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that which is authorised by law.
Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account.
People can apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law.
The first specialist administrative court was the Conseild'État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.
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1. protects and directs (Present Simple 3 - rd person singular Active ).
2. come.
Involve (Present Simple Active) have been violated (Present Perfect Active ).
3. is done (Present Simple Passive )
will be done (Future Simple Passive )
has (Present Simple Active ).
4. Was made (Past Simple Passive )
was breaking (Past Continuous Active )
5.
Had been reading (Past Perfect Continuous Active)
wrote (Past Indefinite Active)
had been denied (Past Perfect Passive ).