Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Подберите к предложениям в первой колонке соответствующие глаголы из второй колонки таблицы.
Колонка 1
1.
A person … in a magistrates’ court may appeal against its decision to the Crown court.
2. The legal system for England and Wales is … on statute law and common law.
3. The Supreme Court considers cases … from the Court of Appeal.
4. The evidence … by this advocate is very important for the case.
5. Do you see that man … to the prosecutor?
6. Look!
This witness is … evidence!
Колонка 2
a) referred
b) convicted
c) based
d) talking
e) giving
f) presented.
Помогите?
Помогите!
Нужно в тексте определить время и залог глаголов.
Judiciary of England and Wales The English have given(present perfect) the world the system of English law that has its origins in Anglo - Saxon times.
The legal system in England and Wales is divided into civil and criminal courts, which hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case.
The lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law.
The House of Lords is the ultimate court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases.
At the base of the criminal court system, the magistrates’ courts try more than 97 percent of the criminal cases.
More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities.
In 1971 the Crown Courts replaced the individual courts, and it is now a single court that may sit anywhere in England, deal with any trial on indictment, and hear appeals and proceedings either on a sentence or on civil matters.
Civil cases are dealt with in County courts.
In England, simple civil actions, for example family matters such as undefended divorce, are normally heard in either the Magistrates’ Courts or the County Courts.
There’s no jury in a Magistrates’ Court.
Family cases may go on appeal from the Magistrates’ Court to the County Courts.
The County Court also hears complex first instance civil cases, such as contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods or services, and bankruptcy cases.
Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.
The legal system of Great Britain also includes juvenile courts, which deal with offenders under seventeen, and coroners’ courts which investigate violent or unnatural death.
Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and between individuals and government departments.
More complex civil cases are heard in the High Court of Justice, which is divided into three divisions : Family, Chancery and Queen’s Bench.
The court has both original, that is, first instance, and appellate jurisdiction.
From the High Court cases may go on appeal to the civil division of the Court of Appeal, which can reverse or uphold a decision of the lower courts.
Its decisions bind all the lower civil courts.
Civil cases may leap frog from the High Court to the House of Lords, bypassing the Court of Appeal, when points of law of general public importance are involved.
The court of the House of Lords consists of twelve life peers appointed from judges and barristers.
The quorum, or minimum number, of law lords for an appeal hearing is normally three, but generally there is a sitting of five judges.
About 95% of all criminal cases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts, which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones.
In certain circumstances, the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court.
A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates’ Court.
Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court.
In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with.
The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas.
From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal.
If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
Перевод текста Two Types of Lawyers 1)The magistrates` court is the most common type of law court in the United Kingdom?
Перевод текста Two Types of Lawyers 1)The magistrates` court is the most common type of law court in the United Kingdom.
The court system is dependent upon the legal profession to make in work.
England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system.
The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers.
Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate governing body.
2)The traditional picture of the English lawyer is that the solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office.
The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public.
Members of the public are to call at a solicitor`s office and seek his advice in a personal interview.
The barrister is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court - room appearance.
3)The ratio for barristers is about one per every 10, 000.
Taking the legal profession as a whole, there is one practicing lawyer per 1, 200 people!
But a lot of work in English solicitor` offices is undertaken by managing clerks, now called «legal executives» who are a third type of lawyers.
4)Thus, solicitors make up the largest branch of the legal profession in England.
They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day - to - day work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc.
Solicitors also work on court for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher court, and may represent their client in a magistrates` court.
Barristers defend or prosecute in the higher courts.
5)Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyers are quite separate.
In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings.
There are a few hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases.
There is no separate training for judges.
6)A jury consists of twelve people («jurors»)?
Who are ordinary people chosen at random from the list of people who can vote in elections.
The jury listens to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decides whether the defendant is guilty or innocent.
If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge.
Juries are rarely used in civil cases.
Magistrates judge cases in the lower courts.
They are usually unpaid and have no formal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training.
Помогите пожалуйста с качественным переводом текста 1)The magistrates` court is the most common type of law court in the United Kingdom?
Помогите пожалуйста с качественным переводом текста 1)The magistrates` court is the most common type of law court in the United Kingdom.
The court system is dependent upon the legal profession to make in work.
England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system.
The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers.
Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate governing body.
2)The traditional picture of the English lawyer is that the solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office.
The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public.
Members of the public are to call at a solicitor`s office and seek his advice in a personal interview.
The barrister is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court - room appearance.
3)The ratio for barristers is about one per every 10, 000.
Taking the legal profession as a whole, there is one practicing lawyer per 1, 200 people!
But a lot of work in English solicitor` offices is undertaken by managing clerks, now called «legal executives» who are a third type of lawyers.
4)Thus, solicitors make up the largest branch of the legal profession in England.
They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day - to - day work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc.
Solicitors also work on court for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher court, and may represent their client in a magistrates` court.
Barristers defend or prosecute in the higher courts.
5)Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyers are quite separate.
In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings.
There are a few hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases.
There is no separate training for judges.
6)A jury consists of twelve people («jurors»)?
Who are ordinary people chosen at random from the list of people who can vote in elections.
The jury listens to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decides whether the defendant is guilty or innocent.
If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge.
Juries are rarely used in civil cases.
Magistrates judge cases in the lower courts.
They are usually unpaid and have no formal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training.
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод?
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод.
The U.
S. Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices, and the responsibility and power of these nine people are extraordinary.
Supreme Court decisions can affect the lives of all Americans and can change society significantly.
This has happened many times in the course of American history.
In the past, Supreme Court rulings have halted actions by American presidents, have declared unconstitutional – and therefore void – laws passed by the Congress (the government's lawmaking body), have freed people from prison and have given new protection and freedom to black Americans and other minorities.
The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal and it may rule in cases in which someone claims that a lower court ruling on a Federal law is unjust or in which someone claims there has been a violation of the United States Constitution, the nation's basic law.
Помогите перевести в пассивный залог :8?
Помогите перевести в пассивный залог :
8.
The suspect will give his evidence next week -
9.
The detective is investigating this serious criminal case now, he is still collecting evidence against criminals.
10. I think the judge will pass the sentence tomorrow.
11. I cannot meet you tomorrow morning.
I shall be representing Jack Green before the Court.
12. The jury is still discussing the verdict.
13. The investigator has collected evidence on the case.
14. The state and public organizations had discussed the Draft of the new Constitution before it became the law.
15. If you come to the court late in the afternoon the judge will have declared his decision.
16. The night court has dismissed the prisoner’s appeal.
17. The court was still examining all the details of the murder at the time
18.
Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys.
Помогите пожалуйста?
Помогите пожалуйста.
Выберите один правильный ответ.
In which case may the Supreme Court overturn the verdict of a lower court?
A. When someone claims that the court of first instance has not applied the Federal law properly ;
B.
When someone claims that he / she has not really committed a crime ;
C.
When someone claims that he / she has been severely offended by the behavior or words of the judge.
Выписать и перевести на русский язык по одному предложению с :а) существительным в функции определения ;б) существительным в притяжательном падеже ;в) конструкцией “there + be”?
Выписать и перевести на русский язык по одному предложению с :
а) существительным в функции определения ;
б) существительным в притяжательном падеже ;
в) конструкцией “there + be”.
Из вот этого текста :
1.
The courts of criminal jurisdiction include : the magistrates’ courts, which try the less serious offences and conduct preliminary inquires into the more serious offences ; Crown Courts which try such cases as : homicide, violence against the person (excluding homicide), sexual offences, burglary, robbery, theft and handling stolen goods, fraud and forgery, criminal damage and other offences.
2. Magistrates’ courts deal with about 98% of criminal cases in England and Wales, and conduct preliminary investigations into more serious offences.
Every district has a magistrates’ court.
The Crown courts, situated in a number of towns and cities, take all criminal work above the level of magistrates’ courts and trials are held before a jury.
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3.
Magistrates’ courts hear and determine charges against people accused of “summary offences”, that is those that can be legally disposed of by magistrates sitting without a jury.
Magistrates, or Justices of the Peace, as they are also called (JPs for short), are advised on points of law and procedure by a clerk to the justices or an assistant who is legally qualified and is also in charge of the court’s administrative arrangements.
Most magistrates have little training in law, though they are obliged to attend some appropriate courses.
They receive no payment for their work.
4. Magistrates can only try people for minor offences and cannot usually give prison sentences totalling more than six months.
If after hearing all the
evidence they decide that the crime is a serious one, they must send the accused for trial to a higher court – the Crown Court.
5. A person convicted by a magistrates’ court may appeal to the Crown Court against the sentence or conviction.
When the appeal is on a point of law, either the prosecutor or the defendant may appeal from the magistrates’ court to the High Court, which sits in London and in some regional centers.
Appeals from the Crown Court, either against conviction or against sentence, are usually made to the Court of Criminal Appeal.
The court may annul the conviction, or it may reduce the sentence.
The highest court of appeal is the House of Lords.
6. In inner London and in some other large urban areas where work is heavy and continuous, there are also professional “stipendiary” magistrates who are full - time, salaried and legally qualified.
There are only about forty stipendiary magistrates in England, and a few in Wales.
7. In most places, however, the magistrates are Justices of the Peace, who have been appointed by the Lord Chancellor on the advice of special advisory committees, of which there is one for each county.
They are usually people who hold prominent positions in their locality, and many of them are drawn from the upper classes.
Some steps have been taken recently to choose the new justices from wider social backgrounds.
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8.
Magistrates’ courts are sometimes called “courts of summary jurisdiction” or “petty sessions” of “police courts”.
When a court sits it must have at least two justices on it, and not more than seven.
The justices take turns at attending court sessions.
9. The office of magistrates dates back to the year 1360, when they were designed to be a kind of policemen, whose duty was to search out and arrest offenders, as well as to give evidence against them at their trials.
In the course of time they acquired such a wide range of duties that by the middle of the nineteenth century they were almost entirely responsible for the government of counties.
However, towards the end of the nineteenth century the establishment of other administrative authorities, in particular County Councils in 1888, relieved the county magistrates of their governmental responsibilities, leaving them judicial functions.
Выберите подходящий по смыслу модальный глагол и переведите предложения?
Выберите подходящий по смыслу модальный глагол и переведите предложения.
1. A barrister’s client (can / must) come to him only via a solicitor.
2. Barristers (cannot / mustn’t) have public offices in any street.
3. A solicitor (may / must) represent his client in the lower courts.
4. A person convicted in a magistrates’ court (may / must) appeal
against its decision to the Crown court.
5. Barristers or solicitors of seven years’ experience (can / must)
be appointed district judges.
6. A serious case (must / can) be referred to the Crown Court.
7. A solicitor (must / may) prepare the case and the evidence for
the trial.
8. Public law (can / must) be divided into four branches.
9. The police investigation into the crime (must / may) begin
immediately after you report it.
10. Judges (must / need ) decide cases based on the applicable
law.
Подскажите, есть ли ошибки в составленном тексте?
Подскажите, есть ли ошибки в составленном тексте.
The Royal Court of London is the most beautiful building in the Gothic style.
There is the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of England and Wales.
The courthouse is located in the heart of London on Strand Street and was built in the 1870s by a project of former lawyer George Edmund Street.
The courthouse was open at the time of Queen Victoria in 1882.
People can attend any of the court sessions or simply admire the magnificent interiors of the Royal Court.
Common LawCommon Law or case law refers to unwritten law system in Great Britain which is generally derived from cases decided by courts and not from a statute?
Common Law
Common Law or case law refers to unwritten law system in Great Britain which is generally derived from cases decided by courts and not from a statute.
Common Law has been administered in the courts of England since the Middle Ages ; it is also found in Canada the US and in most of the British Commonwealth.
The Common Law is based on the principle of deciding cases by the reverence to previous judicial decisions rather than written statutes drafted by legislative bodies.
The main principle of that system is to consider unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions.
General rules or precedents are guidelines for judges deciding similar cases.
Common Law system can be contrasted to the civil - law system, based on ancient Roman Law, found in the continental Europe.
Civil - law judges decide cases by referring statutory principles, common - Law judges focus on the facts of specific case and similar previous cases.
These case - by - case decisions are used again and again in similar cases and become customary, or common to all people living under the authority of the court of law.
However, sometimes judges may reveal new and different facts, such as changing social technology conditions.
A common - law judge is then free to depart from precedent and establish a new rule or decision, which sets a new precedent and will be used judges in other cases.
So, judge continue to shape guide the future development of English law, drawing on the flexibility of principles of common law tradition.
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1. A person talking in a magistrates’ court may appeal against its decision to the Crown court.
2. The legal system for England and Wales is based on statute law and common law.
3. The Supreme Court considers cases presented from the Court of Appeal.
4. The evidence convicted by this advocate is very important for the case.
5. Do you see that man referred to the prosecutor?
6. Look!
This witness is giving evidence!