Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Помогите перевести текст To have a glimpse in the working of the economy as a whole may be of use to a student of economics.
In every economy there are lots of households to supply labour and capital to firms that use them to produce goods and services.
Firms provide incomes for households, who in turn[15] use this money to purchase the goods and services produced by firms.
This process is called the circular flow of payments[16].
The gross domestic product (GDP) is the total money value of all final goods produced in the domestic economy over a one - year period.
The GDP can be measured in three ways : (a) the sum of the value added in the production within a year, (b) the sum of incomes received from producing the year's output, (c) the sum to spend on the year's domestic output of goods and services.
Помогите перевести текст INJECTIONS (ВЛИВАНИЕ ДЕНЕГ В ЭКОНОМИКУ) An injection is simply an addition to the circular flow of income, which does not arise from the spending of households?
Помогите перевести текст INJECTIONS (ВЛИВАНИЕ ДЕНЕГ В ЭКОНОМИКУ) An injection is simply an addition to the circular flow of income, which does not arise from the spending of households.
It was unrealistic to assume earlier that there would be no such additions.
These additions or injections will, of course, increase the size of the circular flow and thus the level of activity in the economy.
There are three recognized ways in which funds can flow into an economy.
They can be generated through : • Investment • Government spending • Export sales Figure 4.
Additions to the Circular Flow of Income Investments.
Инвестиции Investment is expenditure on productive capital goods.
That is, goods which can be used to produce other goods and services.
Thus, investment is usually held to be expenditure on factories, machinery and other physical assets.
It is important to realize that economists use the word investment in a different context to the layman.
An economist referring to investment does not mean the purchase of paper financial assets such as stocks or shares.
Clearly, if the ownership of a company's shares is transferred from one UK citizen to another there is no overall impact on the economy.
Investment can be categorized into net investment and gross investment.
Net investment is investment, which actually increases the nation's stock of capital goods.
It is such investment that enables the economy to grow.
However, some investment is necessary to replace capital stock that is worn out or obsolete.
This loss of value of assets is called depreciation.
When this replacement is added to the net investment the total achieved is termed gross investment.
You should note that investment increases the circular flow since it comprises extra spending that has not originated in.
The circular flow.
The main influences on the amount of investment that takes place are : * the rate of interest since firms often have to borrow to undertake the investment * the firm's expectation about the future behaviour of the economy.
If they believe the economy will boom and the level of economic activity will increase, then they are more likely to enjoy increased sales.
They may well decide to invest in new machinery or in a new factory.
On the other hand, if the level of investment declines then there will be less injections than previously into the economy and the rate of growth of economic activity (or the national income) will fall.
Economic statistics show us that over the last few decades the level of gross investment in the UK economy has fluctuated.
This will have been one of the factors affecting the level of national income and the environment in which businesses operate.
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The free market allows individuals to produce goods and services without any government restrictions.
The command economy allows little individual economic freedom since1 most decisions are made by the government.
Between these two extremes lies the mixed economy.
In a mixed economy the government and private sector cooperate in solving economic problems.
The government controls production through taxation2 and orders for goods and services for the army, the force administration and other needs.
In a mixed economy the government may also be a producer of goods.
An example of this is the UKwhere there are nationalized industries such as railways and coal.
Помогите перевести текст Government Expenditure?
Помогите перевести текст Government Expenditure.
Расходы государства Government' expenditure takes many forms and, particularly over the last 50 years or so, has been a very substantial total.
This heading covers spendings by both central government and local authorities.
Government spending results in an injection of funds into the circular flow.
Let us take as an example a decision by the Department of Transport to build a new motorway.
This will lead to a variety of spending, which would not have taken place otherwise.
The authorities will have to employ surveyors, lawyers, accountants and construction workers and will have to purchase large quantities of construction materials.
All of the spending generated in this way will be an addition or an injection to the circular flow.
Government spending can, of course, take many other forms.
Major financial items are the provision of health and social security benefits.
The latter tends to put money directly into the hands of people who need it badly and who are, therefore, likely to spend all or most of it in the near future.
If it so wishes the government can use its own expenditure to rapidly affect the level of injections and thus the circular flow.
Pursuing such policies, however, can have undesirable side - effects.
Exports.
Экспорт Exports are an injection because they result in income entering the UK's circular flow as a result of the spending decisions of foreign households, firms and governments.
Notice that this spending by foreign households is a loss (or withdrawal from) their domestic circular flows.
Britain is a major trading nation and, as such, can be described as an open economy.
It exports approximately one - third of all the goods and services it produces.
The amount of the UK imports varies but over time will be roughly the same proportion.
The UK's trade is recorded in the balance of payments figures, which are published monthly and then collected into annual accounts.
If you look at the UK's trade figures you will see that rarely, if ever, does the value of exports equal the value of imports.
The balance of payments accounts are split into two broad sections : the current account, which records imports and exports of goods and services ; and the capital account, which records international monetary flows in and out of the UK, such as foreign loans and investment in the UK.
Exports have always been important to the UK economy and are indisputably an engine of economic growth.
They provide domestic employment not only in the exporting industry but also in the industries, which supply components and raw materials to that industry.
Exports bolster the circular flow and promote employment in a range of industries.
They also stimulate innovation and competition and generate a satisfying standard of living.
Most of the world's most prosperous economies are successful exporters, notably Japan and Germany.
Few isolated economies have been economically successful.
Переведите пожалуйста предложенияEconomics is the study of how society decides what, how, and for whom to produce?
Переведите пожалуйста предложения
Economics is the study of how society decides what, how, and for whom to produce.
2. The central economic problem for society is how to reconcile the con flict between people's limitless demand for goods and services and the resources which can be allocated for the production of these goods and services.
3. The market is the process by which individuals' decisions about con sumption of goods, firms' decisions about what and how to produce, the workers' decisions about how much and for whom to work are rec onciled by prices.
4. When resources are limited, they are allocated through the political pro cess.
In a country like Sweden with a strong government the level of production of social services maybe higher than the level of production of goods for individual consumption.
5. The world economy produces mostly for the people living in the indus trial countries.
6. In many countries there was a large dose of central regulation and planning.
7. Even the countries with free market economy still have high levels of government activity in the production of public goods and services and the regulation of markets.
8. All - round planning is not an easy task, and there is not any command econ omy that relies entirely on planning for all resources allocation decisions.
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Two kinds of economies are the traditional economy and the market __________.
The traditional economy exists ____________ societies where there is no trade.
In this economy people do not ____________ money because they do not need it.
___________ market economy exists in societies where people buy and ___________ goods.
In the market economy, people need _____________, so that they can buy products.
In the traditional economy, people rely on nature.
___________ hunt and grow only the food they need.
On the one hand, this ___________ an advantage.
These people have no reason _________ fight because they do not own anything.
This means they ___________ peaceful.
On the other hand, this is a disadvantage.
These ___________ are poor.
Furthermore, they cannot protect themselves against natural disasters because they have _____________ technology.
This means they often die of hunger and disease.
In the market economy, ____________ and demand control what sells.
This is an __________ because producers have to provide customers with the guality and prices they want.
However, ___________ need an incentive and this is profit.
Firstly, producers compete with each other to sell their product and make a ___________.
Secondly, producers use technology in order to spend less on labour.
This can be a disadvantage because if people do ____________ work they do not have money to spend on goods.
Conseguently.
The producer cannot ___________ a profit.
In my opinion, the best system is the merket economy.
Unfortunately, as the incentive is profit, governments set_____________ in order to control the economy.
This means a true ___________ economy cannot exist.
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4. Переведите письменно текст и ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста.
This system of buying goods became very common during the first half of the twentieth century.
Today a large proportion of all the families in Great Britain buy furniture, household goods and cars by hire - purchase.
In the USA, the proportion is much higher than in Great Britain, and people there spent over 10 percent of income on hire - purchase installments.
The goods bought by hire - purchase are, in almost every case, goods that will last : radio and television sets, washing - machines, refrigerators, motor - cars and motor - cycles and articles of furniture.
The price of an article bought in this way is always higher than the price that would be paid for cash.
There is a charge of interest.
The buyer pays a proportion, perhaps one quarter or one - third of the price when the goods are delivered to him.
He then makes regular payment, weekly or monthly, until the full price has been paid.
Hire - purchase has advantages and disadvantages.
It helps newly - married couples with small incomes to furnish their homes.
It increases the demand for goods and, in this way, helps trade and employment.
If families are paying each month installments on such household goods as a washer and a car, they can spend less money (or perhaps no money) uselessly on too many alcoholic drinks.
1. What goods are usually bought by hire - purchase?
2. When do the goods become the property of the buyer?
3. What, in your opinion, are the advantages and disadvantages of hire - purchase.
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INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY Every group of people must solve three basic problems of daily living : what goods and services to produce, how to produce these goods and services, and for whom to produce these goods and services.
Economics is the study of how society decides what, how, and for whom to produce.
By goods we mean physical commodities such as steel, cars, and strawberries.
By services we mean activities such as massages or live theatre performances which can be consumed or enjoyed only at the instant they are produced.
In exceptional circumstances, society may find that some of the questions about what, how, and for whom to produce have already been answered ; until the arrival of Man Friday, Robinson Crusoe need not worry about the 'for whom' question.
In general, however, society must answer all three questions.
By emphasizing the role of society, our definition places economics within the social sciences, the sciences that study and explain human behaviour.
The subject matter of economics is that part of human behaviour which relates to the production, exchange, and use of goods and services.
The central economic problem for society is how to reconcile the conflict between people's virtually limitless desires for goods and services, and the scarcity of resources (labour, machinery, and raw materials) with which these goods and services can be produced.
In answering the questions what, how, and for whom to produce, econo¬mics explains how scarce resources are allocated between competing claims on their use.
Because economics is about human behaviour, you may be surprised that we describe it as a science rather than a subject within the arts or humanities.
This reflects the way economists analyse problems, not the subject matter of economics.
Economists aim to develop theories of human behaviour and to test them against the facts.
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In states which have a communistic system, private property and private enterprise are reduced to a minimum.
They exist, but are limited to a small area of the economy.
Karl Marx conceived of a world in which there would be no private property whatsoever.
Communism in theory states that all property should belong to the State.
In practice, however, the citizens of state like Cuba are permitted to have personal effects.
The important thing about the communist system is its central planning.
The State organizes the whole economic effort of the nation.
A central authority with complete power decides what goods and services will be produced.
The authority decides what quantities of goods will be produced, and also controls their quality, deciding how they will be distributed and what prices will be charged for them.
In addition, the State provides all or most of the services which the citizens require.
It is responsible for the economy, and is therefore concerned with methods of production as well as with quality and quantity.
The national economy must be planned ahead over a number of years.
Exercise 1.
Answer your questions, basing your answers on the text.
A. What two things are greatly reduced in a communistic system?
B. What area do they occupy in the economy?
C. What did Karl Marx proposed about private property?
D. What is the theoretical communist view on property?
E. What is the position in practice?
F. What does the state so in the communistic system of central planning?
G. What two decisions does the central authority make?
H. What does the authority control?
I. What can the authority do about prices?
J. What is the state responsible for and what must it do?
Exercise 2.
Make these sentences passive, omitting the agent phrase.
EXAMPLE : The government reduced private property to the minimum.
Private property was reduced to the minimum.
A. The government limited private enterprise to a small area in the economy.
. They permit the citizens to have personal property.
C. The workers will produce only essential commodities.
D. That factory produced a large quantity of shoes last year.
E. You will charge more money for these services.
F. The central authority must plan the economy over a number of years.
G. The authorities provided large numbers of workers for the ten new factories.
H. The government reduced the quantity of shoes produced in tat factory.
I. The State organized the whole economic effort of the nation.
J. The central authority has planned the whole economic programme for the next five years.
Exercise 3.
Combine these pairs of sentences, using what and would.
EXAMPLE : This quantity of goods will be produced.
The planners decided it.
The planners decided what quantity of goods would be produced.
A. These goods and services will be produced.
The central authority decided it.
. These prices will be changed for the goods.
The planners decided it.
C. This quality will be most suitable.
The government considered it.
D. This commercial activity will be useful in the next few years.
The planning authority decided it.
E. These changes will be made in the organization of the factory.
The employers and employees discussed it.
F. These conditions will affect the national economy in the next twenty years.
The economists considered the matter.
Вставьте артикли 1?
Вставьте артикли 1.
He sellers advised us that the goods were ready .
Shipment 2.
The Buyers will open.
Cable a Letter .
Credit .
Favour .
The Sellers.
Presentation .
The following documents.
3. The Buyer had the right to extend the period.
Validity .
The letter of Credit.
4. The payment .
The goods is to be made .
US dollars .
The full value.
The goods.
Presentation.
The Bank .
The shipping documents.
5. . the event.
Devaluation .
The US dollar both parties have the right to renegotiate the price .
The goods.
В каждом предложении укажите функцию инфинитива?
В каждом предложении укажите функцию инфинитива.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. То produce goods and services firms use the following factors of produc¬tion : workers' time, talents and knowledge ; equipment ; land ; buildings.
2. The government ought to take steps to reduce the unemployment rate.
3. The problem is that demands are practically limitless and the resources (natural resources, labour and capital) available at one time to produce goods and services are limited in supply.
4. To meet the requirements of a variety of potential users is the purpose of economic statistics.
5. Like physical capital, human capital is important enough to be an indicator of economic development of a nation.
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Чтобы иметь представление в рабочем экономики в целом могут быть использованы для студента экономики.
В каждом экономике существует множество домашних хозяйств предложения труда и капитала для фирм, которые используют их для производства товаров и услуг.
Компаний обеспечить получение доходов для домашних хозяйств, которые в свою очередь [15] используют эти деньги для покупки товаров и услуг, производимых фирмами.
Этот процесс называется круговой поток платежей [16].
Валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП) является общая стоимость денег всех конечных товаров, произведенных в национальной экономике в течение одного года.
ВВП может быть измерена тремя способами : () сумма добавленной стоимости в производстве в течение года величина, (В) сумма доходов, полученных от производства выход году, (в) сумма потратить на году внутренний Выпуск товаров и услуг.