Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
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Economics is the study of how society decides what, how, and for whom to produce.
2. The central economic problem for society is how to reconcile the con flict between people's limitless demand for goods and services and the resources which can be allocated for the production of these goods and services.
3. The market is the process by which individuals' decisions about con sumption of goods, firms' decisions about what and how to produce, the workers' decisions about how much and for whom to work are rec onciled by prices.
4. When resources are limited, they are allocated through the political pro cess.
In a country like Sweden with a strong government the level of production of social services maybe higher than the level of production of goods for individual consumption.
5. The world economy produces mostly for the people living in the indus trial countries.
6. In many countries there was a large dose of central regulation and planning.
7. Even the countries with free market economy still have high levels of government activity in the production of public goods and services and the regulation of markets.
8. All - round planning is not an easy task, and there is not any command econ omy that relies entirely on planning for all resources allocation decisions.
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Нужновставить слова по смыслу даю 50 БАЛЛОВ Canals … water for crop farming.
2. There is a tendency for … of the trade between the two countries.
3. … is an important branch of the economy … it helps industry and agriculture to provide goods for consumers.
4. … are people for whom all industries produce … and … .
5. They process minerals … … … chemical reactions.
6. … belongs to the primary and to the secondary sectors.
7. The primary sector … mining, agriculture, hunting, fishing and beekeeping.
8. Countries that are rich in land … agricultural products.
9. Crop farming and animal farming are branches of … (agriculture ; to provide ; mining ; by means of ; growth ; trade as ; consumers, goods, services ; to include ; to produce.
).
23. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей?
23. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей.
1. America's strong demand for automobiles explains 2.
In contrast to market economies, economies with different forms of dictatorial control 3.
Big corporations are not allowed to dominate an industry or a market 4.
In some industries, such as radio, television, telephone services and some others, competition cannot be relied 5.
Resources are the things or services that are used 6.
Economics and economists play an important role at the highest levels of governments 7.
Until the middle of the 18th century, industry (in contrast to agriculture and commerce) 8.
Under capitalism, economic decision - making is decentralized a.
May be called command economies.
B. entirely through government regulation.
C. and resources are allocated through goods and services markets.
D. why auto workers have historically been among the highest paid workers in the world.
E. which rely heavily on economic advisers in making the decisions about the future of the country.
F. entirely on to produce results that are good for the society.
G. was of little importance in the economies of Europe and America.
H. to produce goods which can satisfy (удовлетворять) people's demands.
Сделайте хороий перевод, то умеет?
Сделайте хороий перевод, то умеет?
In a command economy, a central planning office makes decisions on what, how, and for whom to produce.
Economy cannot rely entirely on command, but there was extensive planning in many Soviet bloc countries.
A free market economy has no government intervention.
Resources are allocated entirely through markets.
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Очень нужен перевод текста срочно.
The free market allows individuals to produce goods and services without any government restrictions.
The command economy allows little individual economic freedom since1 most decisions are made by the government.
Between these two extremes lies the mixed economy.
In a mixed economy the government and private sector cooperate in solving economic problems.
The government controls production through taxation2 and orders for goods and services for the army, the force administration and other needs.
In a mixed economy the government may also be a producer of goods.
An example of this is the UKwhere there are nationalized industries such as railways and coal.
Литературный перевод нужен In industrial Western countries markets are to allocate resources?
Литературный перевод нужен In industrial Western countries markets are to allocate resources.
The market is the process by which production and consumption are co¬ordinated through prices.
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INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY Every group of people must solve three basic problems of daily living : what goods and services to produce, how to produce these goods and services, and for whom to produce these goods and services.
Economics is the study of how society decides what, how, and for whom to produce.
By goods we mean physical commodities such as steel, cars, and strawberries.
By services we mean activities such as massages or live theatre performances which can be consumed or enjoyed only at the instant they are produced.
In exceptional circumstances, society may find that some of the questions about what, how, and for whom to produce have already been answered ; until the arrival of Man Friday, Robinson Crusoe need not worry about the 'for whom' question.
In general, however, society must answer all three questions.
By emphasizing the role of society, our definition places economics within the social sciences, the sciences that study and explain human behaviour.
The subject matter of economics is that part of human behaviour which relates to the production, exchange, and use of goods and services.
The central economic problem for society is how to reconcile the conflict between people's virtually limitless desires for goods and services, and the scarcity of resources (labour, machinery, and raw materials) with which these goods and services can be produced.
In answering the questions what, how, and for whom to produce, econo¬mics explains how scarce resources are allocated between competing claims on their use.
Because economics is about human behaviour, you may be surprised that we describe it as a science rather than a subject within the arts or humanities.
This reflects the way economists analyse problems, not the subject matter of economics.
Economists aim to develop theories of human behaviour and to test them against the facts.
Choose from A - D?
Choose from A - D.
There is only one correct answer.
1. Определите предложение, в котором глагол to be будет переведен словом должен : А.
In command economy market is to be controlled by government.
B. The aim of private sector is to control each sphere of economy.
C. The problem is to define the countries’ type of economy.
D. Economics is a science, which has to study economy.
2. Определите предложение, где глагол to be будет переводиться словами : состоит / заключается в том, чтобы : A.
In planned economy goods are to be produced according to the government decision.
B. The problem was to limit the dose of government intervention.
C. In industrial countries markets are to allocate resources.
D. The consumption of imported goods is to be limited in this country.
3. Укажите предложение, в котором употребляется оборот “to be + of + существительное” : A.
Democracy is of great value to market economy.
B. Economists are discussing the problem of allocating production in the countries with command economy.
C. They have not known about his interest to economics.
D. It is known that the production of goods is regulated through markets.
4. Market is A.
The process by which production and consumption are coordinated through prices.
B. the process by which production is coordinated through prices.
C. the process by which consumption is coordinated through prices.
D. the process by which prices are coordinated through consumption and production.
5. Command economy is A.
The type of economy in which each sphere is controlled by trade unions.
B. the type of economy in which each sphere is controlled by markets.
C. the type of economy in which each sphere is controlled by the government.
D. the type of economy in which each sphere is controlled by the society.
6. Mixed economy is A.
The type of economy where free market exists.
B. the type of economy where free market exists but with a dose of governmental control.
C. the type of economy where extensive planning exists.
D. the type of economy where money exchange is based on market demand.
7. Market economy is A.
The type of economy without government intervention.
B. the type of economy where resources are allocated through prices.
C. the type of economy where economic decisions are made by the government.
D. the type of economy without governmental control and where resources are allocated through markets.
8. Free market economy A.
Is rare in the world.
B. is widely spread all over the world.
C. exists in many countries.
D. existed in former Soviet countries.
9. Russia is an example of A.
Mixed economy.
B. free market economy.
C. command economy.
D. market economy.
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In states which have a communistic system, private property and private enterprise are reduced to a minimum.
They exist, but are limited to a small area of the economy.
Karl Marx conceived of a world in which there would be no private property whatsoever.
Communism in theory states that all property should belong to the State.
In practice, however, the citizens of state like Cuba are permitted to have personal effects.
The important thing about the communist system is its central planning.
The State organizes the whole economic effort of the nation.
A central authority with complete power decides what goods and services will be produced.
The authority decides what quantities of goods will be produced, and also controls their quality, deciding how they will be distributed and what prices will be charged for them.
In addition, the State provides all or most of the services which the citizens require.
It is responsible for the economy, and is therefore concerned with methods of production as well as with quality and quantity.
The national economy must be planned ahead over a number of years.
Exercise 1.
Answer your questions, basing your answers on the text.
A. What two things are greatly reduced in a communistic system?
B. What area do they occupy in the economy?
C. What did Karl Marx proposed about private property?
D. What is the theoretical communist view on property?
E. What is the position in practice?
F. What does the state so in the communistic system of central planning?
G. What two decisions does the central authority make?
H. What does the authority control?
I. What can the authority do about prices?
J. What is the state responsible for and what must it do?
Exercise 2.
Make these sentences passive, omitting the agent phrase.
EXAMPLE : The government reduced private property to the minimum.
Private property was reduced to the minimum.
A. The government limited private enterprise to a small area in the economy.
. They permit the citizens to have personal property.
C. The workers will produce only essential commodities.
D. That factory produced a large quantity of shoes last year.
E. You will charge more money for these services.
F. The central authority must plan the economy over a number of years.
G. The authorities provided large numbers of workers for the ten new factories.
H. The government reduced the quantity of shoes produced in tat factory.
I. The State organized the whole economic effort of the nation.
J. The central authority has planned the whole economic programme for the next five years.
Exercise 3.
Combine these pairs of sentences, using what and would.
EXAMPLE : This quantity of goods will be produced.
The planners decided it.
The planners decided what quantity of goods would be produced.
A. These goods and services will be produced.
The central authority decided it.
. These prices will be changed for the goods.
The planners decided it.
C. This quality will be most suitable.
The government considered it.
D. This commercial activity will be useful in the next few years.
The planning authority decided it.
E. These changes will be made in the organization of the factory.
The employers and employees discussed it.
F. These conditions will affect the national economy in the next twenty years.
The economists considered the matter.
Помогите перевести текст To have a glimpse in the working of the economy as a whole may be of use to a student of economics?
Помогите перевести текст To have a glimpse in the working of the economy as a whole may be of use to a student of economics.
In every economy there are lots of households to supply labour and capital to firms that use them to produce goods and services.
Firms provide incomes for households, who in turn[15] use this money to purchase the goods and services produced by firms.
This process is called the circular flow of payments[16].
The gross domestic product (GDP) is the total money value of all final goods produced in the domestic economy over a one - year period.
The GDP can be measured in three ways : (a) the sum of the value added in the production within a year, (b) the sum of incomes received from producing the year's output, (c) the sum to spend on the year's domestic output of goods and services.
В каждом предложении укажите функцию инфинитива?
В каждом предложении укажите функцию инфинитива.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. То produce goods and services firms use the following factors of produc¬tion : workers' time, talents and knowledge ; equipment ; land ; buildings.
2. The government ought to take steps to reduce the unemployment rate.
3. The problem is that demands are practically limitless and the resources (natural resources, labour and capital) available at one time to produce goods and services are limited in supply.
4. To meet the requirements of a variety of potential users is the purpose of economic statistics.
5. Like physical capital, human capital is important enough to be an indicator of economic development of a nation.
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Экономика - исследование того, как общество решает то, что, как, и для кого произвести.
2. Центральная экономическая проблема для общества состоит в том, как урегулировать довод "против"конфликтов между безграничным спросом людей на товары и услуги и ресурсами, которые могут быть ассигнованы для производства этих товаров и услуг.
3. Рынок - процесс, которым решения людей об обманном предположении товаров, решения фирм, о какой, и как можно произвести, решения рабочих о том, насколько и на кого работать, rec onciled ценами.
4. Когда ресурсы ограничены, они ассигнованы через политический про налог.
В стране как Швеция с сильным правительством уровень производства социального обеспечения возможно выше, чем уровень производства товаров для отдельного потребления.
5. Мировая экономика производит главным образом для людей, живущих в странах испытания Инда.
6. Во многих странах была большая доза центрального регулирования и планирования.
7. Даже у стран с рыночной экономикой все еще есть высокие уровни деятельности правительства в производстве общественных благ и услуг и регулирования рынков.
8. Всестороннее планирование не легкая задача, и нет никакой экономики команды omy, который полагается полностью на планирование всех решений распределения ресурсов.