Английский язык | 5 - 9 классы
Making a law and Judiciary Every year Parliament passes about 100 laws directly by making Acts of Parliament.
Parliament sometimes passes a very general law and leaves a minister to fill in the details.
Using the powers given to them by Parliament, ministers become lawmakers themselves.
No new law can be made by Parliament unless it has completed number of stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
The Queen also has to sign a bill to show that it has been given the Royal Assent.
Only after the Royal Assent it becomes a new law or Act of Parliament.
Before this it is called Bill.
Bills can begin in the House of Lords or the House of Commons.
There are two main sorts of Bills : Private Bill and Public Bill.
Private Bills deal with local matters and individuals.
Public Bills deal with matters of public importance.
Important Bills are usually sponsored by the Government.
The first stage of lawmaking is called First Reading.
It gives MPs notice that the Bill will soon be coming for discussion.
Then the next stage comes– Second Reading.
Here the main purpose of the Bill is explained by the Minister and the Bill is debated by the House.
The house then votes to decide if the Bill should continue its passage through Parliament.
The Bill continues to its Committee Stage where 18 Members from both Government and Opposition discuss it in detail, considering many possible changes (amendments).
This is followed by Report Stage when the committee reports back to the rest of the House.
At the Third Reading stage, the House decided to pass the Bill as a whole.
The Bill cannot be changed at this stage – it is either accepted or rejected.
Once a Bill has passed its Third Reading in the Commons, one of the Clerks at the Table carries it to the House of Lords.
The House of Lords has the job of reviewing Bills received from the Commons.
It makes changes to Commons Bills.
Once both Houses have passed a Bill, then it has to go to the Queen for the Royal Assent.
After receiving the Royal Assent the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament.
As for judiciary there are two courts of trial and two courts of appeal for criminal proceedings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The courts of trial are the Magistrates’ Court and the Crown Court, and the courts of appeal are the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords.
The Magistrates’ Court is the lower court of trial.
It deals with summary offences.
More serious criminal cases (indictable offences) then go to the Crown Court.
Civil cases are dealt with in County courts.
Magistrates’ Courts have limited powers of penalty but may commit a convicted offender to the Crown Court if it is considered that the powers of the Magistrates’ Court are insufficient.
Approximately 95% of all prosecutions are dealt with in the Magistrates’ Courts.
Juvenile Courts are composed of specially trained magistrates.
They try most charges against children and young persons under the age of 18 years.
The Crown Court is the senior court of trial for criminal offences.
The courts are established at various centers throughout the country.
The courts are presided over by a High Court Judge, Circuit Judge or Recorder who sits with a jury.
The Crown Court may also hear appeals against conviction and \ or sentence for some offences dealt with at the Magistrates’ Court.
The Court of Appeal hears appeals from criminal cases heard in the Crown Courts.
The House of Lords is the most senior and final court of appeal.
Civil proceedings consist of litigation about property, family matters and actions to obtain financial redress for damage to property and personal injury.
The courts of trial for such litigation are the County Court and the High Court if Justice.
County Courts are local courts and are presided over by a single Judge.
The High Court of Justice is situated in London.
Some cases before the High Court of Justice may be heard before a Jury.
Помогите пожалуйста логично перевести текст The government brings bills (suggested new laws) to the House of Commons, where they are discussed by MPs?
Помогите пожалуйста логично перевести текст The government brings bills (suggested new laws) to the House of Commons, where they are discussed by MPs.
The bills then go to the House of Lords.
The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to stop it from becoming law.
When the bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them, and if they are passed they are signed by the Queen or King and become Acts of Parliament, which means that they become part of British law.
In 1997, the people of Scotland and Wales voted for devolution, which means that they will have their own separate parliaments, known as the Scottish Parliament or the Scottish Assembly, and the Welsh Parliament or the Welsh Assembly.
Westminster will continue to deal with things cuch as foreign affairs, defence and immigration, and the Scottish and Welsh parliaments will deal with things such as health, education, transport, and the environment.
The organizations that are responsible for local government in the UK are called councils.
Their main job is to provide local service such as schools, libraries, and the Fire Service.
They are also responsible for the local environment, and take rubbish form people's houses and clean the streets.
What is the difference between the house of lords and commons?
What is the difference between the house of lords and commons.
Помогите, пожалуйста, сократить текст для пересказа?
Помогите, пожалуйста, сократить текст для пересказа.
The Russian Federation is a Presidential (or a constitutional) republic.
The President is the head of the state and is elected directly by the people.
In fact he has much power, he controls all the three branches of power.
The President can even dissolve the Duma if he doesn't agree with his suggestions three times running.
The President has his administration, but it's not part of the Federal Government.
The President is involved in the work of the legislative and executive branches.
The Federal Assembly represents the Legislative branch of power.
It's made up of the two houses : the Federation Counsel and the State Duma, which make laws.
The Federal Assembly is also called the Parliament, but it's not its official name.
Both chambers are headed by chairmen sometimes called speakers.
The Duma consists of 450 deputies (one half is elected personally by the population, and the other half consists of the deputies who are appointed by their parties after voting).
The members of the Federation Counsel are elected on a different basis.
There are two representatives of each subject of the RF (89 subjects).
Every law to be adapted must be approved by the State Duma, the Counsel of Federation and signed by the President.
The President can veto laws passed by the Federal Assembly, but it can pass laws over the President's veto a two - thirds majority.
The Federal Government represents the executive branch of power.
The President appoints its head, the Chainman of the Government, but the Dums must approve his appointment.
The juridical branch of power consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and lower Courts.
The responsibility of the Constitutional Court is to analyze the new laws to make sure they correspond to the laws of the state.
The Constitutional Court has the right to declare actions of the President, the Federal Assembly and the Federal Government unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court is the highest instance for civil and criminal cases.
Помогите перевести текст очень срочно In some countries such as France (where there are 9 jurors), the judgesand jurors decide the case together?
Помогите перевести текст очень срочно In some countries such as France (where there are 9 jurors), the judgesand jurors decide the case together.
In the United States juries decide if the defendant is guilty but sometimes also have a say in what punishment he should receive.
Before World War II, Japan also had a jury system, but it was often criticized for the ease with which jurors could be bribed.
Now Japan, like South Korea, is a rare example of a modern industrialized country where jurors are not used : all decisions are made by professional judges.
Most countries have special rules for young defendants.
Children under ten cannot stand trial at all under English law.
Juveniles (those under seventeen) are dealt with in special Magistrates Courts known as Juvenile Courts.
A defendant found guilty by the magistrates may appeal against the finding or against the punishment to the local Crown Court, and the CrownСourt judge will hear the appealwithout a jury.
If a defendant has good reason to believe the magistrates have made a mistake about a point of law, then he may appeal to the High Court.
The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but there are cases of the prosecution successfully appealing for a more severepunishment.
In Japan it is even possible for the prosecution to appeal that a non - guilty decision be changed to guilty.
Appeals from the Crown Court go first to the High Court and, in special cases, to the Court of Appeal.
Occasionally, a case is carried through this system of appeal all the way to the House of Lords.
In many countries, such as Japan and United States, the highest juridical decisions are made by a Supreme Court.
Its members are appointed from the lower courts by the government.
Переведите текст на русский язык, и сделайте задания( согласен не согласен, если не согласен, то нужно составить правильное предложение) Текст : The House of Lords is probably the only upper House in ?
Переведите текст на русский язык, и сделайте задания( согласен не согласен, если не согласен, то нужно составить правильное предложение) Текст : The House of Lords is probably the only upper House in the democratic world whose members (691 in 2003) are not elected.
It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal ; the former consist of the representatives of the Church of England ( the Archbi - 24 shops of York and Canterbury and 25 bishops) ; the latter comprise all hereditary and life peers (life peers, named by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister, do not pass on their title when they die (in 2003 there were 561 life peers).
Its main legislative function is to examine and revise bills from the Commons but it can only delay a Bill from becoming law for a maximum of 12 months.
The Lords cannot normally prevent proposed legislation from becoming law if the Commons insists on it.
The House also acts in a legal capacity as the final court of appeal.
Задания : 1)The monarchy is the most ancient religious institution in the UK.
2)Only members of the Royal family have the right to succeed to the throne.
3) Part of the Queens Royal prerogative is the power to prorogue Parliament.
4) The Queen has the residue of discretionary authority which affects the legislative, and judicial branches of power.
5) A Bill cn become an Act of Parliament without the Monarch giving the Royal assent.
6) A Cabonet cannor be formed and a Minister cannor take up office without the Monarchs consent and approval.
7) The Monarch does not have the power to cede territory or to declare war.
8) The Monarch confers honours, makes appointments and is able to remit panalties by exercising the prerogative of mercy.
Нужен перевод, только более менее адекватный и понятный)то есть желательно без переводчика ( THE MAGISTRATES The magistrates have always been important and local people, who can be relied on?
Нужен перевод, только более менее адекватный и понятный)то есть желательно без переводчика ( THE MAGISTRATES The magistrates have always been important and local people, who can be relied on.
They are abpcinted by the Lord Chancellor in the name of the Queen.
What work do the magistrates do?
It is all criminal, save for a few little buts of civil law.
As for their criminal work, it comes auto both the two main sections into which our procedure divides the cases, vis : the small charges that can be and are disposed or in one court, the magistrates court, at one go, and the other more serious charges, called indictable because the come to trial before a superior court, before a jury, and are preceded by a formal accusation called an indictment, after previous investigation before the magistrates.
In England, minor cases are tried before the magistrates, before the magistrates, sitting without a jury (but with at least two magistrates), in courts which are held in nearly every town.
There are officially called «petty sessional courts» but normally «magistrates courts» or «police courts».
All minor cases are tried and disposed or by the untrained magistrates (with a right of appeal only to other magistrates in Quarter Sessions).
Nor are the magistrates confinec to the minor cases.
Every major case, which if it comes to tmal will be beard before a jury at either Quarter Sessions or at the Assizes or the Central Criminal Court, must start with the judicial enquiry, which takes the form of a public bearing or evidence before the magistrates.
STAGES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY.
As rule, premeditated criminal activity consists of several stages preparation, attempt and commission.
Preparation of a crime is the search for or adaptation of means or instruments, or any other premeditated creation of conditions for the commission of a crime.
Preparation of a crime is generally a punishable offence.
But in determining the penalty, the court must take into consideration the extent of the danger to society involved in the preparation, the degree to which the criminal intent has been put into effect, and the causes that prevented the full commission of the crime.
In casso where the person plotting a crime has not gone beyond the preparations, the court usually imposes a milder penalty or none at all.
An attempt is a premeditated act directly aimed at the commission of a crime but not completed for reasons not depending on the will of the guilty person.
An attempt is a punishable offence.
But in determining the penalty the court also take into considerations the character and the degree of the danger to society info vet in the act committed by the guilty person, the degree to which the criminal intent has been put into effect, and the causes that prevent the full commission or the crime.
A crime is considered as committed when the guilty person has performed the act constraining the corpus delicti of crime.
Desisting from completion of a crime is possible in the stages of preparation and attempt when a person having the possibility of completing the crime of his own free will abandons his criminal intent before its completion.
He is then responsible only if the act performed by him contains the corpus delicti of another crime.
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the?
Переведите следующие предложения, используя пассивную конструкцию : The criminal is identified ; the suspect was traced and located ; the facts are gathered for court presentation, the division of the investigation into three phases is made for convenience of discussion, the same evidence is often used for three objectives, the criminal was identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts, the identity of the criminal has been discovered through his confession, the guilt of the accused has been proved, the defendant was identified and associated with the crime scene : the facts are being established with the help of the witnesses.
Помогите, пожалуйста, сделать пересказ текста?
Помогите, пожалуйста, сделать пересказ текста.
The British Parliament The British Parliament is the oldest in the world.
It consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head.
The House of Commons plays the major role in law - making.
It consists of Members of Parliament (called MPs for short).
Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
MPs are elected either at a general election or at a by - election following the death or retirement.
Parliamentary elections are held every 5 years and it is the Prime Minister who decides on the exact day of the election.
The British parliamentary system depends on political parties.
The party which wins the majority of seats forms the government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister.
In reality, the House of Commons is the one of three which has true power.
The House of Commons is made up of six hundred and fifty elected members, it is presided over by the speaker, a member acceptable to the whole house.
Each session of the House of Commons lasts for 160 - 175 days.
The House of Lords has more than 1000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work in the house.
Members of this Upper House are not elected, they sit there because of their rank, the chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor.
And he sits on a special seat, called "Woolsack" The members of the House of Lords debate the bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons.
Some changes may be recommended and the agreement between the two houses is reached by negotiations.
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод The third branch of the government is judicial?
Сделайте пожалуйста нормальный перевод The third branch of the government is judicial.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the U.
S. It sits in the Supreme Court Building in Washington.
The words «Equal Justice Under Law» are written above the main entrance of the building.
The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice (главный судья) of the USA and eight Associate Justices.
They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress or any other issued by the President.
The right of veto is widely used.
The USA is divided into eleven judicial circuits and each one is served with a Federal Court of Appeals.
There are about ninety district courts in different parts of the country.
The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal Court system.
Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
In the district court where trials are held, juries are used and witnesses are called.
Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in one of the eleven Courts of Appeal and in the Supreme Court.
The decision of the Supreme Court is final.
In the US the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary.
Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is.
Помогите, пожалуйста, придумать 8 вопросов к этому тексту (в 8 вопросов должны входить общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные) Courts of the United States include both the United States f?
Помогите, пожалуйста, придумать 8 вопросов к этому тексту (в 8 вопросов должны входить общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные) Courts of the United States include both the United States federal courts, comprising the judicial branch of the federal government of the United States (operating under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law) and state and territorial courts of the individual U.
S. states and territories (operating under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law) Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, and not the courts of the individual states.
Because of the federalist underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments, the various state court systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another.
In practice, however, every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels, and almost every state has three levels, with trial courts hearing cases which may be reviewed by appellate courts, and finally by a state supreme court.
A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases.
47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits, meaning that the court receiving the appeal must decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly.
Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal.
Rather, they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard.
State courts often have diverse names and structures, as illustrated below.
State courts hear about 98% of litigation ; most states have courts of special jurisdiction, which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations, and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes.
The U.
S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues.
In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal.
The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes.
The trial courts are U.
S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States.
The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.
Если вам необходимо получить ответ на вопрос Making a law and Judiciary Every year Parliament passes about 100 laws directly by making Acts of Parliament?, относящийся к уровню подготовки учащихся 5 - 9 классов, вы открыли нужную страницу. В категории Английский язык вы также найдете ответы на похожие вопросы по интересующей теме, с помощью автоматического «умного» поиска. Если после ознакомления со всеми вариантами ответа у вас остались сомнения, или полученная информация не полностью освещает тематику, создайте свой вопрос с помощью кнопки, которая находится вверху страницы, или обсудите вопрос с посетителями этой страницы.
Создание законов и судебные органы
Ежегодно Парламент принимает около 100 законов, которые оформляются Парламентскими Актами.
Иногда Парламент принимает общий закон и оставляет детали для министра.
Используя предоставленные Парламентом полномочия, министры сами становятся творцами законов.
Ни один закон не может быть выпущен Парламентом, пока он не пройдёт все стадии согласования в Палате Общин и Палате Лордов.
Королева также должна подписать билль, чтобы продемонстрировать, что он был одобрен Королевским двором.
Только после королевского согласия он появляется как новый закон или как Акт Парламента.
До этих пор он называется Биллем.
Билль может брать своё начало в Палате Лордов или в Палате Общин.
Существует два вида биллей : Частный Билль и Публичный Билль.
Частный билль касается местных вопросов и физических лиц.
Публичный билль касается вопросов общественной важности.
Важные билли обычно поддерживаются Правительством.
Первая стадия издания закона называется Первое Чтение.
Посредством него до сведения ЧП доводится информация о том, что вскоре билль будет вынесен на рассмотрение.
Следующая стадия - Второе чтение.
Здесь основная цель билля объясняется министром, и в Палате проходят дебаты.
Затем палата голосует за принятие решения о том, должен ли билль продолжать свой путь в Парламенте.
Наступает стадия Комитета, в ходе которой18 членов Правительства и Оппозиции детально обсуждают билль, рассматривая внесение различных изменений (дополнений).
Затем следует Отчётная Стадия, в ходе которой комитет отправляет отчёт оставшимся членам Палаты.
На стадии Третьего Чтения Палата принимает решение о принятии билля.
На этой стадии никакие изменения в билле невозможны - он либо принимается, либо отклоняется.
Как только билль проходит Третье Чтение в Палате Общин, один из Клерков передаёт его в Палату Лордов.
В задачу Палаты Лордов входит изучение биллей, полученных из Палаты Общин.
Она вносит изменения в билли Палаты Общин.
После принятия билля обеими Палатами он отправляется на согласование Королеве.
По факту получения королевского согласования билль оформляется в Парламентский Акт.
Юридически в Англии, Уэльсе и Северной Ирландии существует два суда первой инстанции и два апелляционных суда.
Суды первой инстанции - это мировой суд (суд магистрата) и суд присяжных (судКороны).
Апелляционные суды - это Кассационный суд и Палата Лордов.
Мировой суд - суд низшей инстанции.
Он занимается мелкими преступлениями.
Более серьёзные криминальные дела (уголовно - наказуемые деяния) направляются в суд присяжных.
Гражданские дела рассматриваются в судах графств.
Мировой суд имеет ограниченные полномочия наказания, но может передать осуждённого суду присяжных, если посчитает, что полномочий мирового суда недостаточно.
Примерно 95% всех судебных процессов осуществляется в мировом суде.
Суд по делам совершеннолетних (ювенальный суд) составлен из специально подготовленных чиновников.
Они ведут большинство дел, связанных с детьми и молодыми людьми в возрасте до 18 лет.
Суд присяжных - высший суд рассмотрения криминальных дел.
Суды проходят в различных центрах страны.
Председательствует в суде Верховный судья, Окружной судья или Городской судья, которые заседают вместе с жюри.
Суд присяжных может также разбирать апелляции и / или определять наказания по делам мирового суда.
Апелляционный суд разбирает апелляции по уголовным делам, заслушанным в суде присяжных.
Палата Лордов - высший орган, принимающий окончательное решение.
Гражданские дела включают в себя имущественные споры, семейные споры, тяжбы по возмещению финансового ущерба за испорченное имущество и нанесение телесных повреждений.
Суды первой инстанции в подобных спорах - суды графств и Верховный суд.
Суды графств - это местные суды, в которых председательствует один судья.
Высший суд находится в Лондоне.
Некоторые случаи могут разбираться в Верховном суде с участием жюри.