Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
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THE OLDEST RAILWAY IN RUSSIA
The St.
Petersburg - Moscow Mainline is the oldest and the most outstanding railway in Russia.
The project of this railway was proposed by P.
P. Melnikov.
According to his project “chugunka” was planned as a double - track line, 664 km long, with the 5 feet gauge (now the standard), steam - powered.
The speed of passenger and freight trains was supposed to be 34, 4 km and 16 km respectively.
The construction began in 1843 and lasted 8 years.
From the very beginning the builders faced many hardships because of severe climatic and difficult geological conditions.
Hundreds of kilometers of track were laid down through forests and marshes, many rivers were crossed.
The line is virtually straight and level.
185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built to make the line as straight as possible.
There is a legend that the route of the railway was chosen by the Tzar Nikolay I, who drew a straight line between the two cities on the map and ordered this line to be the route of the railway.
But the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done by P.
P. Melnikov himself.
All the component parts of the track, bridges and viaducts were produced at Russian plants by using only domestic materials, including timber for sleepers and cast iron for rails.
One has to give credit * to the first railway builders, who laid the track in extremely difficult conditions.
Nobody took care of the workers and nobody paid attention to their working conditions.
People lived in “shalashes” or dug - outs ; ate often tainted food ; worked from dawn till sunset, often in water up to their knees and their main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The cruel exploitation of the workers was exposed by Nekrasov in his famous poem “The Railway”.
The railroad was officially opened for traffic on November 1, 1851.
The first train departed from St.
Petersburg at 11.
15 and arrived in Moscow 21 hours 45 minutes later.
There were 17 passengers in the first - class cars, 63 – in the second - class cars and 112 – in the third - class cars.
The speed of the first trains was 40 km / h but two years later it was increased up to 60 km / h.
It was the world’s record in the speed of passenger trains.
Notes : * one has to give credit – нужно отдать должное
.
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The Trans - Siberian Railway is the oldest railway in Russia.
2. P.
P. Melnikov made the project of the St.
Petersburg – Moscow mainline.
3. It was a single - track line.
4. This line had many curves and gradients.
5. The construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work.
6. All the materials for the construction were imported from Britain.
7. Rails were made of cast iron.
8. The railway was opened for traffic in 1851.
9. The first train departed from Moscow at midnight.
10. The train consisted of first - class cars only.
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The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways ?
Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?
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The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways ?
Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?
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The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
What elements does the permanent way consist of?
What is the origin of the term permanent way?
What is the difference between the modern railroad track and the track of the early days of railways?
What is the gauge and what gauge is used on the Russia railways ?
Why is the joint the weakest part of the track ?
What is the switch intended for?
What does the weight of the rails laid in the track depend on?
Why are the heaviest rails laid on the main - line tracks?
How can we make wooden ties last longer?
Are the ties laid upon the earth ?
Why aren’t they ?
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FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN
The history of railways in Great Britain began in the second part of the 18th century.
The first railways were horse - powered and were used for transporting coal, timber and ore.
Later on, horse - powered railways appeared in large cities and were used as passenger transport.
However, they did not last long.
In 1763, James Watt invented the stationary steam engine and George Stephenson was one of the first who put a steam engine on wheels.
He made a design of a locomotive but could not build it, as he had no money.
Some businessmen decided to construct a railway between Stockton and Darlington to see how Stephenson’s locomotive worked.
On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming.
Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away.
He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour.
It was the beginning of steam - powered railways.
In 1829, the Liverpool - Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the best steam train.
The prize was won by G.
Stephenson with his famous train the “Rocket”.
This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one ; it could pull 13 tons and achieved an “unheard - of speed” of 29 miles (46 km) per hour.
At first, many people were afraid of the railways.
However, in 1842 the steam - powered railways were already in wide use in Britain.
It should be said * that the gauge was not the same on all the railways.
The famous English engineer Brunel considered that the * * broader the gauge, the easier would the trains run.
Following his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a gauge of 7 feet.
That is why for many years there were two gauges in England : the 7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson.
It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, delay was caused and time was wasted.
Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to change the broad gauge.
At last in the House of Commons * * * the broad gauge was described as a “national evil”.
It was very difficult to alter the gauge as the engines, carriages, wagons were made for the broad gauge and more than 30 years “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted.
Only in 1892 the Great Western Railways was converted to the standard gauge.
Notes : * I t should be said – следует сказать * * the…, the – чем…, тем * * * the House of Commons – Палата Общин.
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1.
The first horse - powered railways in Great Britain were used for transporting passengers in large cities.
2. The stationary steam engine was invented by James Watt.
3. The speed of the first Stephenson’s locomotive was 29 miles an hour.
4. The first Stephenson’s locomotive was tested on the Liverpool - Manchester Railway.
5. James Watt made a desing of the first locomotive.
6. Stephenson received a prize of fifty trousand pounds for his locomotive the “Rocket"
7.
At first lots of people were afraid of the railways.
8. The "Rocket" could pull more than thirteen tons.
9. In the 19th century, the gauge of all railways was 4 feet 8½ inches.
10. Now, most railways in Britain have the standard gauge.
THE TRANS - SIBERIAN MAINLINE“The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State?
THE TRANS - SIBERIAN MAINLINE
“The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State.
It was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the Pacific Coast.
The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century.
Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St.
Petersburg and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia.
In 1892, the railway network in Russia had a total length of 32, 000 km.
That very year Samara - Zlatoust railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia and the Trans - Siberian Mainline.
On March 15 1891, Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future Emperor Nicholas II that stated : “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia.
I also entrust you with ground - breaking * of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.
”
Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the northern version”.
“The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.
N. Posyet won.
According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the Siberian high road * * and populated areas.
The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893.
Construction rates were very fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and huge mountains.
In less than 15 years, more than 8, 600 km of track were laid down.
At first 10, 000 workers were involved in the construction.
Later their number went up to 100, 000.
Job and living conditions were extremely tough.
The main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage.
Some of Trans - Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
The Minister of Railways Vitte wrote : “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless Siberian lands.
”
Notes : * ground - breaking – начало строительства (дороги) * * high road – тракт.
Переведите пожалуйстаThe Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State?
Переведите пожалуйста
The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State.
It
was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the
Pacific Coast.
The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century.
Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St.
Petersburg
and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia.
In 1892, the
railway network in Russia had a total length of 32, 000 km.
That very year Samara - Zlatoust
railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia
and the Trans - Siberian Mainline.
On March 15 1891, Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future
Emperor Nicholas II that stated : “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to
connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia.
I also entrust you with ground -
breaking * of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.
” Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the
northern version”.
“The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.
N. Posyet
won.
According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the
Siberian high road * * and populated areas.
The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893.
Construction rates were very
fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and
huge mountains.
In less than 15 years, more than 8, 600 km of track were laid down.
At first
10, 000 workers were involved in the construction.
Later their number went up to 100, 000.
Job
and living conditions were extremely tough.
The main tools were spades, picks, axes,
wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian
construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage.
Some of Trans - Siberian
stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
The
Minister of Railways Vitte wrote : “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless
Siberian lands.
”.
Переведите пожалуйстаThe Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State?
Переведите пожалуйста
The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State.
It
was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the
Pacific Coast.
The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century.
Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St.
Petersburg
and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia.
In 1892, the
railway network in Russia had a total length of 32, 000 km.
That very year Samara - Zlatoust
railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia
and the Trans - Siberian Mainline.
On March 15 1891, Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future
Emperor Nicholas II that stated : “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to
connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia.
I also entrust you with ground -
breaking * of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.
”
Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the
northern version”.
“The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.
N. Posyet
won.
According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the
Siberian high road * * and populated areas.
The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893.
Construction rates were very
fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and
huge mountains.
In less than 15 years, more than 8, 600 km of track were laid down.
At first
10, 000 workers were involved in the construction.
Later their number went up to 100, 000.
Job
and living conditions were extremely tough.
The main tools were spades, picks, axes,
wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian
construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage.
Some of Trans - Siberian
stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
The
Minister of Railways Vitte wrote : “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless
Siberian lands.
”.
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Помогите перевести текст на Русский язык.
LONDON'S UNDERGROUND
It was the year 1863 and on one historic day 30, 000 Londoners used
a new and strange mode of travel — the first underground railway in the
world.
The first train covered the distance of almost four miles.
Some engineers had said before the railway was completed, that the
tunnels would fall in because of the weight of the traffic in the streets
above ; the houses would be shaken to the ground by the vibration of the
trains and Londoners would be poisoned by the fumes from the engine.
But the fantastic railway was completed and opened.
At first the carriages were "blind" and the trains were cable operated.
1 Then came "Twopenny Tube"2 which had small electric trains.
The
price of tickets was two pennies for any distance.
Now there are different trains going in many different directions.
There is the Old Tube across the centre with many and frequent stops
and there are trains going out to the suburbs and stopping at a very few
stations on the way.
And there are the non - express trains going a very
long way out into the country.
The fares are all different and even the
carriages are not alike.
Safety has always been one of the main concerns of London Transport.
In spite of the fact that trains often follow each other within seconds
it has been claimed that the London Tube is the safest form of
transport.
Automatic signalling worked by electric circuit is operated by
the trains themselves.
A programme machine controls routes : any
changes are made automatically with great speed.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 mm?
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842–1851).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.
Подчеркните причастия IIThe track is one of the basic features of a railway?
Подчеркните причастия II
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the
permanent way.
In the early days of railroad building the workers first had
to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks or the permanent
way, as it was called.
The railroad track of today is quite different from the track used in
the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were
made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails
were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden
ties or sleepers.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for
heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great
importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had
a life 15 times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard
gauge in most countries is 1, 435 mm while in Russia the railroads have a
gauge of 1, 524 mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line
Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842–1851).
Thus
Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted
for all railways.
In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.
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Санкт - Петербург - Московская магистраль - старейшая и наиболее выдающаяся железная дорога России.
Проект этой железной дороги был предложен П.
П. Мельниковым.
По его проекту” чугунка " планировалась как двухпутная, протяженностью 664 км, с 5 - футовым манометром (теперь стандартным), паровым приводом.
Скорость пассажирских и грузовых поездов должна быть 34, 4 км и 16 км соответственно.
Строительство началось в 1843 году и продолжалось 8 лет.
С самого начала строители столкнулись с большими трудностями из - за суровых климатических и сложных геологических условиях.
Через леса и болота были проложены сотни километров трассы, пересеклись многие реки.
Линия практически прямая и ровная.
Были построены для того чтобы сделать линию как можно ровнее 185 мостов и 19 путепроводов.
Существует легенда, что трасса железной дороги был выбран царь Николай I, который нарисовал прямую линию между двумя городами на карте и заказала эту линию железной дороги.
Но дело в том, что строительству линии предшествовали длительные и тщательные изыскательские работы, большую часть которых провел сам П.
П. Мельников.
Все составные части пути, мосты и виадуки производились на российских заводах с использованием только отечественных материалов, в том числе древесины для шпал и чугуна для рельсов.
Надо отдать должное * первым строителям железных дорог, которые проложили трассу в крайне сложных условиях.
Никто не заботился о трудящихся, и никто не обращал внимания на их условия труда.
Люди жили в” шалашах " или выкопках ; ели часто испорченную пищу ; работали с рассвета до заката, часто в воде до колен и их главными инструментами были лопаты, кирки, топоры, тачки и конные тележки.
Жестокая эксплуатация рабочих была разоблачена Некрасовым в его знаменитой поэме “Железная дорога”.
Железная дорога была официально открыта для движения 1 ноября 1851 года.
Первый поезд отправился из Санкт - Петербурга в 11 : 15 и прибыл в Москву 21 часа 45 минут позже.
Было 17 пассажиров первого класса, 63 – в плацкартных вагонах и 112 – в третьем классе автомобилей.
Скорость первого поезда на 40 км / ч, но спустя два года она была увеличена до 60 км / ч.
Это был мировой рекорд скорости пассажирского поезда.
Примечания : * человек должен дать кредит – нужно отдать должное.
Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста.
Используйте фразы : это правильно.
Это неправильно.
Исправьте неверные утверждения.
Транссибирская железная дорога - старейшая железная дорога России.
2. П.
П. Мельников выступил с проектом магистрали Санкт – Петербург - Москва.
3. Это была однопутная линия.
4. Эта линия имела множество кривых и градиентов.
5. Строительство линии предшествовало длительным и тщательным изыскательским работам.
6. Все материалы для строительства были завезены из Великобритании.
7. Рельсы были сделаны из чугуна.
8. Железная дорога была открыта для движения в 1851 году.
9. Первый поезд отправился из Москвы в полночь.
10. Поезд состоял только из первоклассных автомобилей.