The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 mm?

Английский язык | студенческий

The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 mm.

That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.

Petersburg railway was under construction (1842–1851).

Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.

In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.

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Фатимаbfb 3 нояб. 2021 г., 00:18:57

Стандартная колея у большинстве стран 1.

435 мм, пока в России железные дороги имеют колею 1.

524 мм.

Та колея была окончательно принята когда первая главная линия Москва - Санкт - Петербург была сконструирована (1842 - 1851).

Хоть Россия была проводной страной во всем мире, где равномерная колея была принята для всех железных дорог.

В Америке колея была единой лишь в 1886 году.

Lbyekzvbcccegth 10 янв. 2021 г., 13:23:33 | 10 - 11 классы

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The track is one of the basic features of a railway.

It is also called the permanent way.

The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.

And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.

The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.

The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.

The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.

Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.

This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.

The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.

The distance between the rails is called the gauge.

The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.

That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.

Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).

Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.

In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .

The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.

The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.

Some railroads have two or more tracks.

In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.

The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.

The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.

The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.

They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.

Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.

The history of railways is more than one century and a half.

During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.

One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.

In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.

These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.

Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.

Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.

Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.

The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.

It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.

How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways ?

Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?

Адело 4 апр. 2021 г., 08:26:08 | 10 - 11 классы

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The track is one of the basic features of a railway.

It is also called the permanent way.

The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.

And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.

The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.

The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.

The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.

Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.

This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.

The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.

The distance between the rails is called the gauge.

The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.

That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.

Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).

Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.

In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .

The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.

The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.

Some railroads have two or more tracks.

In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.

The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.

The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.

The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.

They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.

Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.

The history of railways is more than one century and a half.

During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.

One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.

In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.

These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.

Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.

Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.

Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.

The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.

It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.

What elements does the permanent way consist of?

What is the origin of the term permanent way?

What is the difference between the modern railroad track and the track of the early days of railways?

What is the gauge and what gauge is used on the Russia railways ?

Why is the joint the weakest part of the track ?

What is the switch intended for?

Polkelo1982 10 мар. 2021 г., 23:29:14 | 10 - 11 классы

Переведите кусочек умоляюIn 1833, Brunel was made chief engineer of the Great Western Railway, and he created a broad - gauge track that was seven feet wide?

Переведите кусочек умоляю

In 1833, Brunel was made chief engineer of the Great Western Railway, and he created a broad - gauge track that was seven feet wide.

Not only could the wheels be accommodated in this fashion, but it also became possible to carry passengers.

Brunel is perhaps best remembered for designing the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol.

Spanning over 700 ft.

(210 m), and nominally 200 ft.

(61 m) above the River Avon, it was the longest bridge in the world at the time of construction.

Besides he improved the design for the bridge over the Tamar river near Plymouth.

Міла11 20 февр. 2021 г., 14:01:25 | 10 - 11 классы

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Ответить на вопросы по тексту.

Даю 100 баллов!

The track is one of the basic features of a railway.

It is also called the permanent way.

The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.

And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.

The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.

The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.

The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.

Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.

This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.

The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.

The distance between the rails is called the gauge.

The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.

That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.

Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).

Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.

In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .

The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.

The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.

Some railroads have two or more tracks.

In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.

The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.

The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.

The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.

They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.

Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.

The history of railways is more than one century and a half.

During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.

One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.

In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.

These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.

Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.

Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.

Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.

The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.

It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.

How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways ?

Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?

Lizajanblog 7 авг. 2021 г., 21:34:31 | 10 - 11 классы

Ответить на вопросы по тексту?

Ответить на вопросы по тексту.

Даю 100 баллов!

The track is one of the basic features of a railway.

It is also called the permanent way.

The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.

And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.

The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.

The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.

The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.

Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.

This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.

The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.

The distance between the rails is called the gauge.

The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.

That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.

Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).

Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.

In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .

The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.

The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.

Some railroads have two or more tracks.

In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.

The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.

The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.

The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.

They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.

Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.

The history of railways is more than one century and a half.

During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.

One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.

In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.

These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.

Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.

Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.

Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.

The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.

It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.

What elements does the permanent way consist of?

What is the origin of the term permanent way?

What is the difference between the modern railroad track and the track of the early days of railways?

What is the gauge and what gauge is used on the Russia railways ?

Why is the joint the weakest part of the track ?

What is the switch intended for?

What does the weight of the rails laid in the track depend on?

Why are the heaviest rails laid on the main - line tracks?

How can we make wooden ties last longer?

Are the ties laid upon the earth ?

Why aren’t they ?

Mironhik 3 мар. 2021 г., 17:31:03 | 10 - 11 классы

Помогите пожалуйста?

Помогите пожалуйста!

FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN

The history of railways in Great Britain began in the second part of the 18th century.

The first railways were horse - powered and were used for transporting coal, timber and ore.

Later on, horse - powered railways appeared in large cities and were used as passenger transport.

However, they did not last long.

In 1763, James Watt invented the stationary steam engine and George Stephenson was one of the first who put a steam engine on wheels.

He made a design of a locomotive but could not build it, as he had no money.

Some businessmen decided to construct a railway between Stockton and Darlington to see how Stephenson’s locomotive worked.

On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming.

Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away.

He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour.

It was the beginning of steam - powered railways.

In 1829, the Liverpool - Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the best steam train.

The prize was won by G.

Stephenson with his famous train the “Rocket”.

This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one ; it could pull 13 tons and achieved an “unheard - of speed” of 29 miles (46 km) per hour.

At first, many people were afraid of the railways.

However, in 1842 the steam - powered railways were already in wide use in Britain.

It should be said * that the gauge was not the same on all the railways.

The famous English engineer Brunel considered that the * * broader the gauge, the easier would the trains run.

Following his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a gauge of 7 feet.

That is why for many years there were two gauges in England : the 7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson.

It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, delay was caused and time was wasted.

Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to change the broad gauge.

At last in the House of Commons * * * the broad gauge was described as a “national evil”.

It was very difficult to alter the gauge as the engines, carriages, wagons were made for the broad gauge and more than 30 years “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted.

Only in 1892 the Great Western Railways was converted to the standard gauge.

Notes : * I t should be said – следует сказать * * the…, the – чем…, тем * * * the House of Commons – Палата Общин.

Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствует содержанию текста.

Используйте фразы It is true, it is false.

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1.

The first horse - powered railways in Great Britain were used for transporting passengers in large cities.

2. The stationary steam engine was invented by James Watt.

3. The speed of the first Stephenson’s locomotive was 29 miles an hour.

4. The first Stephenson’s locomotive was tested on the Liverpool - Manchester Railway.

5. James Watt made a desing of the first locomotive.

6. Stephenson received a prize of fifty trousand pounds for his locomotive the “Rocket"

7.

At first lots of people were afraid of the railways.

8. The "Rocket" could pull more than thirteen tons.

9. In the 19th century, the gauge of all railways was 4 feet 8½ inches.

10. Now, most railways in Britain have the standard gauge.

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Подчеркните причастия IIThe track is one of the basic features of a railway?

Подчеркните причастия II

The track is one of the basic features of a railway.

It is also called the

permanent way.

In the early days of railroad building the workers first had

to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.

And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks or the permanent

way, as it was called.

The railroad track of today is quite different from the track used in

the early days of railways.

The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were

made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.

Then the wooden rails

were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden

ties or sleepers.

This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for

heavy steam trains.

The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great

importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had

a life 15 times as long as iron rails.

The distance between the rails is called the gauge.

The standard

gauge in most countries is 1, 435 mm while in Russia the railroads have a

gauge of 1, 524 mm.

That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line

Moscow – St.

Petersburg railway was under construction (1842–1851).

Thus

Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted

for all railways.

In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.

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