Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Допишите предложения, поставив выделенные слова в нужную форму
1.
The first railway carriages were small and .
(comfort).
2. In 1905 the world's longest Trans - Siberian railway was put into .
(operative).
3. The first railway was open at the Nizhni Tagil metallurgical .
(workers).
4. Rail equipment enables railways to operate .
(success).
5. Many people rely on railways because of cheap .
( transport).
6. Trains are fast and environmentally .
(friend).
Помогите пожалуйста?
Помогите пожалуйста!
FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN
The history of railways in Great Britain began in the second part of the 18th century.
The first railways were horse - powered and were used for transporting coal, timber and ore.
Later on, horse - powered railways appeared in large cities and were used as passenger transport.
However, they did not last long.
In 1763, James Watt invented the stationary steam engine and George Stephenson was one of the first who put a steam engine on wheels.
He made a design of a locomotive but could not build it, as he had no money.
Some businessmen decided to construct a railway between Stockton and Darlington to see how Stephenson’s locomotive worked.
On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming.
Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away.
He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour.
It was the beginning of steam - powered railways.
In 1829, the Liverpool - Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the best steam train.
The prize was won by G.
Stephenson with his famous train the “Rocket”.
This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one ; it could pull 13 tons and achieved an “unheard - of speed” of 29 miles (46 km) per hour.
At first, many people were afraid of the railways.
However, in 1842 the steam - powered railways were already in wide use in Britain.
It should be said * that the gauge was not the same on all the railways.
The famous English engineer Brunel considered that the * * broader the gauge, the easier would the trains run.
Following his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a gauge of 7 feet.
That is why for many years there were two gauges in England : the 7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson.
It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, delay was caused and time was wasted.
Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to change the broad gauge.
At last in the House of Commons * * * the broad gauge was described as a “national evil”.
It was very difficult to alter the gauge as the engines, carriages, wagons were made for the broad gauge and more than 30 years “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted.
Only in 1892 the Great Western Railways was converted to the standard gauge.
Notes : * I t should be said – следует сказать * * the…, the – чем…, тем * * * the House of Commons – Палата Общин.
Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствует содержанию текста.
Используйте фразы It is true, it is false.
Исправьте неверные утверждения
1.
The first horse - powered railways in Great Britain were used for transporting passengers in large cities.
2. The stationary steam engine was invented by James Watt.
3. The speed of the first Stephenson’s locomotive was 29 miles an hour.
4. The first Stephenson’s locomotive was tested on the Liverpool - Manchester Railway.
5. James Watt made a desing of the first locomotive.
6. Stephenson received a prize of fifty trousand pounds for his locomotive the “Rocket"
7.
At first lots of people were afraid of the railways.
8. The "Rocket" could pull more than thirteen tons.
9. In the 19th century, the gauge of all railways was 4 feet 8½ inches.
10. Now, most railways in Britain have the standard gauge.
THE TRANS - SIBERIAN MAINLINE“The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State?
THE TRANS - SIBERIAN MAINLINE
“The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State.
It was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the Pacific Coast.
The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century.
Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St.
Petersburg and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia.
In 1892, the railway network in Russia had a total length of 32, 000 km.
That very year Samara - Zlatoust railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia and the Trans - Siberian Mainline.
On March 15 1891, Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future Emperor Nicholas II that stated : “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia.
I also entrust you with ground - breaking * of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.
”
Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the northern version”.
“The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.
N. Posyet won.
According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the Siberian high road * * and populated areas.
The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893.
Construction rates were very fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and huge mountains.
In less than 15 years, more than 8, 600 km of track were laid down.
At first 10, 000 workers were involved in the construction.
Later their number went up to 100, 000.
Job and living conditions were extremely tough.
The main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage.
Some of Trans - Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
The Minister of Railways Vitte wrote : “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless Siberian lands.
”
Notes : * ground - breaking – начало строительства (дороги) * * high road – тракт.
Переведите пожалуйстаThe Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State?
Переведите пожалуйста
The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State.
It
was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the
Pacific Coast.
The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century.
Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St.
Petersburg
and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia.
In 1892, the
railway network in Russia had a total length of 32, 000 km.
That very year Samara - Zlatoust
railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia
and the Trans - Siberian Mainline.
On March 15 1891, Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future
Emperor Nicholas II that stated : “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to
connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia.
I also entrust you with ground -
breaking * of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.
” Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the
northern version”.
“The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.
N. Posyet
won.
According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the
Siberian high road * * and populated areas.
The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893.
Construction rates were very
fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and
huge mountains.
In less than 15 years, more than 8, 600 km of track were laid down.
At first
10, 000 workers were involved in the construction.
Later their number went up to 100, 000.
Job
and living conditions were extremely tough.
The main tools were spades, picks, axes,
wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian
construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage.
Some of Trans - Siberian
stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
The
Minister of Railways Vitte wrote : “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless
Siberian lands.
”.
Переведите пожалуйстаThe Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State?
Переведите пожалуйста
The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State.
It
was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the
Pacific Coast.
The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century.
Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St.
Petersburg
and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia.
In 1892, the
railway network in Russia had a total length of 32, 000 km.
That very year Samara - Zlatoust
railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia
and the Trans - Siberian Mainline.
On March 15 1891, Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future
Emperor Nicholas II that stated : “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to
connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia.
I also entrust you with ground -
breaking * of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.
”
Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the
northern version”.
“The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.
N. Posyet
won.
According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the
Siberian high road * * and populated areas.
The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893.
Construction rates were very
fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and
huge mountains.
In less than 15 years, more than 8, 600 km of track were laid down.
At first
10, 000 workers were involved in the construction.
Later their number went up to 100, 000.
Job
and living conditions were extremely tough.
The main tools were spades, picks, axes,
wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian
construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage.
Some of Trans - Siberian
stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
The
Minister of Railways Vitte wrote : “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless
Siberian lands.
”.
Помогите перевести текстFUTURE OF RAILWAYS Until recently many people were of the opinion that the railways had reachedthe limit of their improvement?
Помогите перевести текст
FUTURE OF RAILWAYS Until recently many people were of the opinion that the railways had reached
the limit of their improvement.
Yet the Japanese and French railways were the
first to prove that they were wrong.
In these countries trains are normally run at
speeds of 240 - 270 km / hr, while in the FRG the Experimental High Speed train ICE
reached a record speed of 406 km / hr.
All this caused a dramatic change in favour
of the railways.
It was for the first time that passengers are preferring the train to
the plane.
This experience is now made use of in many countries.
The drive for effective ways of developing railways is going on in an ever
growing number of countries.
Many railway lines in Russia handle 100 and even
more trains a day.
In Russia on an average the annual tonnage of lines of the
network is 26 million gross tons per kilometer of tracks.
The through - put capacity
of modern large classification yards in Canada, the FRG and in a number of other
countries is as high as 8000 - 10000 wagons per day.
In the USA running 20000 ton
trains has become normal practice.
The railway networks of Asia and African
countries are expanding.
Automating and mechanizing of basic operations have
become standard practice on most of the railways.
In the eighties and nineties of the last century many countries of Europe and
America celebrated the 150th anniversary of their railways.
Among railway
experts the historical aspects of railways have arouse great interest.
The railways
have passed through the period of accelerated expansion of the railway networks,
that was a period when 20000 km of lines were built every year.
Over the last 30
years the mileage of railway networks even shrank.
Super steam locomotives
rated at 5000 h.
P. and developing a pressure of 15 to 16 bars were replaced by
electric and diesel electric locomotives.
The carrying capacity of wagons increased constantly and the mass of rails
went up steadily as well.
Automatic brakes and the automatic coupling have
become an indispensable part of rolling stock designs.
Modern passenger coaches
have become more comfortable and spacious.
What will come next?
What are the railways in the XXIst century?
Forecasts are always of a relative nature.
Yet, it will not run any risk of
committing a mistake when saying that the railways still have a long life to live.
What is needed is to keep pace with time, that is the railways have to make use of
all most modern scientific and technical achievements.
11. Переведите следующие предложения?
11. Переведите следующие предложения.
- Railways were always necessary for the development of Russia.
- Railway building began with the development of the mining industry.
- During the Great Patriotic War railways transported military personnel, equipment and freight.
- Nowadays JSC Russian Railways is the largest owner of the freight and passenger rolling stock.
- Russian railways have successfully integrated into European transport infrastructure.
Помогите перевестиKINDS OF TRAINSRailways have two distinct kinds of trains?
Помогите перевести
KINDS OF TRAINS
Railways have two distinct kinds of trains.
They are «regular» trains and «extra» trains.
A regular train is a «scheduled» train, a train listed on the railway time - table.
A railway has certain trains which are operated each day.
They have definite times of leaving their terminals, definite times to make stops at stations and definite times for arrival at the terminals where they complete their runs.
These are the regular trains.
All regular trains on a railway are divided into «classes».
There may be two or three or four classes of trains.
When there are only two classes, the first class trains are the passenger trains, and the second class trains are the freight trains.
«Extra» trains are trains which are not scheduled in the railway time - table.
Помогите перевести текст на Русский язык?
Помогите перевести текст на Русский язык.
LONDON'S UNDERGROUND
It was the year 1863 and on one historic day 30, 000 Londoners used
a new and strange mode of travel — the first underground railway in the
world.
The first train covered the distance of almost four miles.
Some engineers had said before the railway was completed, that the
tunnels would fall in because of the weight of the traffic in the streets
above ; the houses would be shaken to the ground by the vibration of the
trains and Londoners would be poisoned by the fumes from the engine.
But the fantastic railway was completed and opened.
At first the carriages were "blind" and the trains were cable operated.
1 Then came "Twopenny Tube"2 which had small electric trains.
The
price of tickets was two pennies for any distance.
Now there are different trains going in many different directions.
There is the Old Tube across the centre with many and frequent stops
and there are trains going out to the suburbs and stopping at a very few
stations on the way.
And there are the non - express trains going a very
long way out into the country.
The fares are all different and even the
carriages are not alike.
Safety has always been one of the main concerns of London Transport.
In spite of the fact that trains often follow each other within seconds
it has been claimed that the London Tube is the safest form of
transport.
Automatic signalling worked by electric circuit is operated by
the trains themselves.
A programme machine controls routes : any
changes are made automatically with great speed.
The first underground railway opened in 1890?
The first underground railway opened in 1890.
. Перепишите и переведите текст?
. Перепишите и переведите текст.
THE OLDEST RAILWAY IN RUSSIA
The St.
Petersburg - Moscow Mainline is the oldest and the most outstanding railway in Russia.
The project of this railway was proposed by P.
P. Melnikov.
According to his project “chugunka” was planned as a double - track line, 664 km long, with the 5 feet gauge (now the standard), steam - powered.
The speed of passenger and freight trains was supposed to be 34, 4 km and 16 km respectively.
The construction began in 1843 and lasted 8 years.
From the very beginning the builders faced many hardships because of severe climatic and difficult geological conditions.
Hundreds of kilometers of track were laid down through forests and marshes, many rivers were crossed.
The line is virtually straight and level.
185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built to make the line as straight as possible.
There is a legend that the route of the railway was chosen by the Tzar Nikolay I, who drew a straight line between the two cities on the map and ordered this line to be the route of the railway.
But the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done by P.
P. Melnikov himself.
All the component parts of the track, bridges and viaducts were produced at Russian plants by using only domestic materials, including timber for sleepers and cast iron for rails.
One has to give credit * to the first railway builders, who laid the track in extremely difficult conditions.
Nobody took care of the workers and nobody paid attention to their working conditions.
People lived in “shalashes” or dug - outs ; ate often tainted food ; worked from dawn till sunset, often in water up to their knees and their main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The cruel exploitation of the workers was exposed by Nekrasov in his famous poem “The Railway”.
The railroad was officially opened for traffic on November 1, 1851.
The first train departed from St.
Petersburg at 11.
15 and arrived in Moscow 21 hours 45 minutes later.
There were 17 passengers in the first - class cars, 63 – in the second - class cars and 112 – in the third - class cars.
The speed of the first trains was 40 km / h but two years later it was increased up to 60 km / h.
It was the world’s record in the speed of passenger trains.
Notes : * one has to give credit – нужно отдать должное
.
Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста.
Используйте фразы : It is right.
It is wrong.
Исправьте неверные утверждения.
The Trans - Siberian Railway is the oldest railway in Russia.
2. P.
P. Melnikov made the project of the St.
Petersburg – Moscow mainline.
3. It was a single - track line.
4. This line had many curves and gradients.
5. The construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work.
6. All the materials for the construction were imported from Britain.
7. Rails were made of cast iron.
8. The railway was opened for traffic in 1851.
9. The first train departed from Moscow at midnight.
10. The train consisted of first - class cars only.
Вы находитесь на странице вопроса Допишите предложения, поставив выделенные слова в нужную форму1? из категории Английский язык. Уровень сложности вопроса рассчитан на учащихся 10 - 11 классов. На странице можно узнать правильный ответ, сверить его со своим вариантом и обсудить возможные версии с другими пользователями сайта посредством обратной связи. Если ответ вызывает сомнения или покажется вам неполным, для проверки найдите ответы на аналогичные вопросы по теме в этой же категории, или создайте новый вопрос, используя ключевые слова: введите вопрос в поисковую строку, нажав кнопку в верхней части страницы.
1. The first railway carriages were small and uncomfortable.
2. In 1905 the world's longest Trans - Siberian railway was put into operation.
3. The first railway was open at the Nizhni Tagil metallurgical works.
4. Rail equipment enables railways to operate successfully.
5. Many people rely on railways because of cheap transportation.
6. Trains are fast and environmentally friendly.