Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Помогите перевести текст
FUTURE OF RAILWAYS Until recently many people were of the opinion that the railways had reached
the limit of their improvement.
Yet the Japanese and French railways were the
first to prove that they were wrong.
In these countries trains are normally run at
speeds of 240 - 270 km / hr, while in the FRG the Experimental High Speed train ICE
reached a record speed of 406 km / hr.
All this caused a dramatic change in favour
of the railways.
It was for the first time that passengers are preferring the train to
the plane.
This experience is now made use of in many countries.
The drive for effective ways of developing railways is going on in an ever
growing number of countries.
Many railway lines in Russia handle 100 and even
more trains a day.
In Russia on an average the annual tonnage of lines of the
network is 26 million gross tons per kilometer of tracks.
The through - put capacity
of modern large classification yards in Canada, the FRG and in a number of other
countries is as high as 8000 - 10000 wagons per day.
In the USA running 20000 ton
trains has become normal practice.
The railway networks of Asia and African
countries are expanding.
Automating and mechanizing of basic operations have
become standard practice on most of the railways.
In the eighties and nineties of the last century many countries of Europe and
America celebrated the 150th anniversary of their railways.
Among railway
experts the historical aspects of railways have arouse great interest.
The railways
have passed through the period of accelerated expansion of the railway networks,
that was a period when 20000 km of lines were built every year.
Over the last 30
years the mileage of railway networks even shrank.
Super steam locomotives
rated at 5000 h.
P. and developing a pressure of 15 to 16 bars were replaced by
electric and diesel electric locomotives.
The carrying capacity of wagons increased constantly and the mass of rails
went up steadily as well.
Automatic brakes and the automatic coupling have
become an indispensable part of rolling stock designs.
Modern passenger coaches
have become more comfortable and spacious.
What will come next?
What are the railways in the XXIst century?
Forecasts are always of a relative nature.
Yet, it will not run any risk of
committing a mistake when saying that the railways still have a long life to live.
What is needed is to keep pace with time, that is the railways have to make use of
all most modern scientific and technical achievements.
Ответить на вопросы по тексту?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту.
Даю 100 баллов!
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways ?
Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту.
Даю 100 баллов!
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
What elements does the permanent way consist of?
What is the origin of the term permanent way?
What is the difference between the modern railroad track and the track of the early days of railways?
What is the gauge and what gauge is used on the Russia railways ?
Why is the joint the weakest part of the track ?
What is the switch intended for?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту.
Даю 100 баллов!
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways ?
Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту.
Даю 100 баллов!
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
What elements does the permanent way consist of?
What is the origin of the term permanent way?
What is the difference between the modern railroad track and the track of the early days of railways?
What is the gauge and what gauge is used on the Russia railways ?
Why is the joint the weakest part of the track ?
What is the switch intended for?
What does the weight of the rails laid in the track depend on?
Why are the heaviest rails laid on the main - line tracks?
How can we make wooden ties last longer?
Are the ties laid upon the earth ?
Why aren’t they ?
Помогите пожалуйста?
Помогите пожалуйста!
FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN
The history of railways in Great Britain began in the second part of the 18th century.
The first railways were horse - powered and were used for transporting coal, timber and ore.
Later on, horse - powered railways appeared in large cities and were used as passenger transport.
However, they did not last long.
In 1763, James Watt invented the stationary steam engine and George Stephenson was one of the first who put a steam engine on wheels.
He made a design of a locomotive but could not build it, as he had no money.
Some businessmen decided to construct a railway between Stockton and Darlington to see how Stephenson’s locomotive worked.
On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming.
Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away.
He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour.
It was the beginning of steam - powered railways.
In 1829, the Liverpool - Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the best steam train.
The prize was won by G.
Stephenson with his famous train the “Rocket”.
This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one ; it could pull 13 tons and achieved an “unheard - of speed” of 29 miles (46 km) per hour.
At first, many people were afraid of the railways.
However, in 1842 the steam - powered railways were already in wide use in Britain.
It should be said * that the gauge was not the same on all the railways.
The famous English engineer Brunel considered that the * * broader the gauge, the easier would the trains run.
Following his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a gauge of 7 feet.
That is why for many years there were two gauges in England : the 7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson.
It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, delay was caused and time was wasted.
Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to change the broad gauge.
At last in the House of Commons * * * the broad gauge was described as a “national evil”.
It was very difficult to alter the gauge as the engines, carriages, wagons were made for the broad gauge and more than 30 years “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted.
Only in 1892 the Great Western Railways was converted to the standard gauge.
Notes : * I t should be said – следует сказать * * the…, the – чем…, тем * * * the House of Commons – Палата Общин.
Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствует содержанию текста.
Используйте фразы It is true, it is false.
Исправьте неверные утверждения
1.
The first horse - powered railways in Great Britain were used for transporting passengers in large cities.
2. The stationary steam engine was invented by James Watt.
3. The speed of the first Stephenson’s locomotive was 29 miles an hour.
4. The first Stephenson’s locomotive was tested on the Liverpool - Manchester Railway.
5. James Watt made a desing of the first locomotive.
6. Stephenson received a prize of fifty trousand pounds for his locomotive the “Rocket"
7.
At first lots of people were afraid of the railways.
8. The "Rocket" could pull more than thirteen tons.
9. In the 19th century, the gauge of all railways was 4 feet 8½ inches.
10. Now, most railways in Britain have the standard gauge.
THE TRANS - SIBERIAN MAINLINE“The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State?
THE TRANS - SIBERIAN MAINLINE
“The Great Siberian Track” is a well - known name in the history of the Russian State.
It was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the Pacific Coast.
The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century.
Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St.
Petersburg and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia.
In 1892, the railway network in Russia had a total length of 32, 000 km.
That very year Samara - Zlatoust railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia and the Trans - Siberian Mainline.
On March 15 1891, Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future Emperor Nicholas II that stated : “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia.
I also entrust you with ground - breaking * of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.
”
Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the northern version”.
“The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.
N. Posyet won.
According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the Siberian high road * * and populated areas.
The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893.
Construction rates were very fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and huge mountains.
In less than 15 years, more than 8, 600 km of track were laid down.
At first 10, 000 workers were involved in the construction.
Later their number went up to 100, 000.
Job and living conditions were extremely tough.
The main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse - drawn carts.
The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage.
Some of Trans - Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
The Minister of Railways Vitte wrote : “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless Siberian lands.
”
Notes : * ground - breaking – начало строительства (дороги) * * high road – тракт.
11. Переведите следующие предложения?
11. Переведите следующие предложения.
- Railways were always necessary for the development of Russia.
- Railway building began with the development of the mining industry.
- During the Great Patriotic War railways transported military personnel, equipment and freight.
- Nowadays JSC Russian Railways is the largest owner of the freight and passenger rolling stock.
- Russian railways have successfully integrated into European transport infrastructure.
Допишите предложения, поставив выделенные слова в нужную форму1?
Допишите предложения, поставив выделенные слова в нужную форму
1.
The first railway carriages were small and .
(comfort).
2. In 1905 the world's longest Trans - Siberian railway was put into .
(operative).
3. The first railway was open at the Nizhni Tagil metallurgical .
(workers).
4. Rail equipment enables railways to operate .
(success).
5. Many people rely on railways because of cheap .
( transport).
6. Trains are fast and environmentally .
(friend).
Помогите перевестиKINDS OF TRAINSRailways have two distinct kinds of trains?
Помогите перевести
KINDS OF TRAINS
Railways have two distinct kinds of trains.
They are «regular» trains and «extra» trains.
A regular train is a «scheduled» train, a train listed on the railway time - table.
A railway has certain trains which are operated each day.
They have definite times of leaving their terminals, definite times to make stops at stations and definite times for arrival at the terminals where they complete their runs.
These are the regular trains.
All regular trains on a railway are divided into «classes».
There may be two or three or four classes of trains.
When there are only two classes, the first class trains are the passenger trains, and the second class trains are the freight trains.
«Extra» trains are trains which are not scheduled in the railway time - table.
Подчеркните причастия IIThe track is one of the basic features of a railway?
Подчеркните причастия II
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the
permanent way.
In the early days of railroad building the workers first had
to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks or the permanent
way, as it was called.
The railroad track of today is quite different from the track used in
the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were
made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails
were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden
ties or sleepers.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for
heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great
importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had
a life 15 times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard
gauge in most countries is 1, 435 mm while in Russia the railroads have a
gauge of 1, 524 mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line
Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842–1851).
Thus
Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted
for all railways.
In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.
Вы находитесь на странице вопроса Помогите перевести текстFUTURE OF RAILWAYS Until recently many people were of the opinion that the railways had reachedthe limit of their improvement? из категории Английский язык. Уровень сложности вопроса рассчитан на учащихся 10 - 11 классов. На странице можно узнать правильный ответ, сверить его со своим вариантом и обсудить возможные версии с другими пользователями сайта посредством обратной связи. Если ответ вызывает сомнения или покажется вам неполным, для проверки найдите ответы на аналогичные вопросы по теме в этой же категории, или создайте новый вопрос, используя ключевые слова: введите вопрос в поисковую строку, нажав кнопку в верхней части страницы.
БУДУЩЕЕ ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГДо недавнего времени многие люди считали, что железные дороги достиглипредел их совершенствования.
Пока японские и французские железные дороги быливо - первых, чтобы доказать, что они ошибались.
В этих странах поезда обычно бегут вскорость 240 - 270 км / ч, а в ФРГ - экспериментальный высокоскоростной поезд Iceдостиг рекордной скоростью 406 км / час.
Все это вызвало резкое изменение в пользужелезных дорог.
Это было впервые, что пассажиры предпочитают поездасамолет.
Этот опыт сегодня используют во многих странах.
Привод для эффективных путях развития железных дорог происходит в постояннорастет число стран.
Много железнодорожных линий в России на 100 и дажебольше поездов в сутки.
В России в среднем годовой тоннаж линиисеть составляет 26 млн.
Тонн брутто на километр трассы.
Мощностисовременные крупные классификации ярдов в Канаде, ФРГ и в ряде другихстран достигает 8000 - 10000 вагонов в сутки.
В США запущена 20000 тоннпоездов стало обычной практикой.
Железнодорожные сети стран Азии и Африкистранами расширяются.
Автоматизации и механизации основных операцийстала обычной практикой на большинстве железных дорог.
В восьмидесятых и девяностых годах прошлого века во многих странах Европы иАмерика отпраздновала 150 - летие железных дорог.
Между железнодорожнымиэксперты исторические аспекты железные дороги вызывают большой интерес.
Железные дорогипрошли через период ускоренного расширения железнодорожных сетей, это был период, когда 20000 км линий были построены каждый год.
За последние 30лет пробега железнодорожной сети, даже уменьшилась.
Супер паровозыоцененный в 5000 часов.
С. и развивает Давление от 15 до 16 бар были замененыэлектрические и дизель - электрические локомотивы.
Грузоподъемность вагонов постоянно увеличивается и масса рельсовпошел уверенно, а также.
Автоматических тормозов и автосцепного естьстановятся неотъемлемой частью подвижного состава конструкции.
Современные пассажирские вагоныстали более удобными и просторными.
Что будет дальше?
Каковы железных дорог в XXI веке?
Прогнозы всегда носят относительный характер.
Однако, он не будет рисковатьсовершают ошибку, когда говорят, что РЖД еще долго жить.
Что необходимо, чтобы идти в ногу со временем, что железные дороги должны использоватьвсе самые современные научные и технические достижения.