Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
ПОМОГИТЕ НАЙТИ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ Water in fuel oil.
Water may get into the fuel oil by leakage through defective welding of tanks, through alternate use of tanks for fuel oil and water ballast, or the fuel oil as delivered into tanks may contain considerable moisture that will settle out.
The troubles then are cracked heads and pistons, burned out exhaust valves, injection valves, high - pressure fuel pumps.
Improperly refined oil.
Fuel oil must, during the refining process, be treated with sulphuric acid and this acid must later be neutralized with soda.
When the engine is opened up after running on the insufficiently washed oil, the entire surface of the combustion spaces in the cylinders has a coating of gritty material which is mostly sodium sulphate.
It causes considerable wear of piston rings and cylinder liners.
Cracked cylinders and cylinder heads.
Cracks may result from unequal heating due to poor design, bad castings, air pockets in jackets, lack of cooling water and overloading.
Cracking from the first two causes seldom occurs.
Troubles arising from air pockets are eliminated by periodical opening of the vent cocks on the cylinder heads.
When for any reason the cooling water supply to part or all of the cylinders fails, the engine should not be kept in operation long while the trouble is being corrected.
Cracks that are due to overloading usually result from local overloading, caused by trouble with the fuel pumps or some other conditions that cause one or more cylinders to quit firing.
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Principle of Operation of the Four - stoke Petrol Engine The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself.
Most automobile engines work on a 4 - stroke cycle.
A cycle is one complete sequence of 4 strokes of the piston in the cylinder.
The operating cycle of the four - stroke petrol engine includes : inlet stroke (intake valve opens), compression stroke (both valves closed), power stroke (both valves closed), exhaust stroke (exhaust valve is opened).
To describe the complete cycle, let’s assume that the piston is at the top of the stroke (top dead center) and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed.
When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder.
This is called the inlet (intake) stroke.
On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the piston begins to move upward into the closed upper part of the cylinder, the inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston.
This is called the compression stroke.
As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves being closed during the combustion.
As a result of burning mixture the gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder.
This stroke is called the power stroke.
When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released, and the piston again rises.
It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere.
This is called the exhaust stoke which complete the cycle.
So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up (compression stroke), down (power stroke), up (exhaust) stroke.
The heat released by the fuel is transformed into work so that the reciprocating movement of the pistons is converted into rotary movement of the crankshaft by means of connecting rods.
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Cars burn petrol, factories and power station burn coal and emit toxis fumes, the air that we breather becomes polluted.
This pollution is gathered in clods and with the oxygen and water in the atmosphere it becomes acid.
When it rains, this pollution lands on trees, houses, buildings, cars, clothes, everywhere!
This is called acid rain.
When acid rain falls into laks, streams, rivers and seas, they become toxic.
This is water pollution and it harms, kills or wipes out fish and plant species.
When acid rain flows through the sil, it poisons trees and plants.
Acid rain also causes serious damage to important building and objects.
The good news is that governments have been trying to reduce the air pollution that causes acid rain.
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Перепишите предложение и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнение прилагательных и наречий.
1. Most fuel is burned near the exit from the furnace.
2. The better the equipment suits to the type of the fuel, the more its efficiency will be.
Задать 7 вапросов к тексту Oil in Siberia The oil and gas deposits in Siberia are imique in their size?
Задать 7 вапросов к тексту Oil in Siberia The oil and gas deposits in Siberia are imique in their size.
The demand for oil and gas is growing quickly in all countries and the world as a whole.
The development of the colossal oil deposits in Siberia is important for the swift progress of Siberia itself.
Siberian oil will serve as raw material for largescale petrochemical combines in Novosibirsk, Tobolsk, Omsk and many oether industrial centres of the West Siberian economic area.
Today every third ton of oil and every third cubic metre of gas extracted in the country come from Tyumen.
Among the deposits discovered by Tyumen geologists and oilmen during the first stage was Samotlor, an oil field lying under the lake of the same name.
Despite the harsh conditions prevailing in the Far North a major complex has been created above this deposit.
A number of complex scientific and technical problems connected with the drilling and transporting gas in permafrost regions have been solved.
Oil processing industries are being formed in Western Siberia.
Gas - processing plants have been built in Nizhnevartovsk and Pravdinsk to utilize well head gas.
Ex. 1?
Ex. 1.
Read the sentences.
Find the predicate (2) and define the form of the verb (V.
). 1.
After that group the chemical elements.
2. Mark the time of the reactions in your laboratory - book.
3. After that radio this important information to the centre.
4. A lot of powerful elevator pumps deliver oil from the tankers to the oil tanks.
5. First mark and then number all the flasks containing acids.
6. After that oil the machine.
7. The device pumps the oil from the well.
8. In this place the buses round the corner.
9. There are four flasks on the desk, containing some mixtures.
Add some water to the mixtures.
The mixtures are dissolving.
After that filter the solutions.
10. There are clocks that mark the time with an accuracy of one second per 300 years.
Перевидите на русский желательно без переводчика An oil well is essentially a mechanical device and like any other mechanical device it is subject to problems and failures which require repairs?
Перевидите на русский желательно без переводчика An oil well is essentially a mechanical device and like any other mechanical device it is subject to problems and failures which require repairs.
Of all the problems that can occur during production, three stand out the most : equipment failure, wellbore problems, and saltwater disposal.
These problems can result in a workover operation.
Workover operations are major remedial operations sometimes required to maintain maximum oil producing rates.
If, for example, a well begins to produce an excessive amount of salt water, a service rig is moved onto the well, and operations to reduce the saltwater production are begun.
It may be first necessary to "kill" the well with some fluid, such as drilling mud, salt water, oil, or possibly a special workover fluid, which has sufficient hydrostatic pressure to counteract the formation pressure when the hole is filled with the fluid.
If the salt water is coming from the lower part of the reservoir, it is usual to squeeze - cement the perforation with either a low - pressure or a high - pressure squeeze.
If the high - pressure squeeze - cementing technique is used, a special packer is run on the bottom of the tubing.
If the low - pressure cementing method is used, then a packer is not required, since the pressures applied will not exceed the working pressure of the wellhead equipment.
After the cement has set, it may be necessary to drill out the cement from inside the casing and reperforate the casing at the desired intervals, since the cement will have sealed off all the old perforations.
If a well is producing with an excessive gas - oil ratio, it may be possible to reduce the gas - oil ratio by the same squeeze - cementing and reperforating technique.
The so - called permanent completion permits all workover operations to be conducted with wireline equipment, eliminating the need for workover rigs.
Change The sentences from present simple active to present simple passive?
Change The sentences from present simple active to present simple passive.
Underline parts of the sentence.
1. We measure temperature in degrees Celsius in Europe.
2. We call rain, snow, hail, sleet, drizzle abd fog with one word - precipitation.
3. The air contains water vapour - it's humid.
4. Weather maps show atmospheric pressure with the help of isobars.
5. The Sun shines and heats the Earth's surface.
6. Warm and cold air movement change air pressure.
7. The movement of warm and cold air brings about winds.
8. The sun heats the water in rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.
9. The cold air high above the earth turns the water vapour into small water droplets.
10. The water droplets freeze and turn into little balls of ice high in the clouds.
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Let's speak about human anatomy and physiology, which are the study, respectively, of the normal structure and functioning of the body.
Just as houses are built of individual bricks, so is the body made up of millions of microscopic individual urits called cells.
Each cell has a job to do and must be supplied with fuel and oxygen before it can do it.
In this respect the body is not different from any other working engine or machine.
All engines, machines and body cells are alike in requiring oxygen to burn their fuel and thereby produce the energy needed to perform their functions.
The fuel needed by the body comes from our food, while oxygen is present in the air we brea the.
Fuel and oxygen are conveyed in the blood to all parts of the body by the heart and circulation.
The food we eat is turned into usable fuel by a process known as digestion.
The digestive system contains the stomach and intestines.
Oxygen is obtained from the air we breathe.
The process by which it enters the blood to reach the body cells is called respiration.
The respiratory system consists of the air passeges and lungs.
Overall control and coordination of body functions is effected by the nervous system, which consist of the brain and nerves.
The brain may be likened to a computerized telephone exchange with the nerves serving as telephone lines.
There are many different types of cell in the body, depending on their particular function, but they all contain a central nucleus and are bounded by a cell wall.
The nucleus is responsible for growth by cell division, and contains chromosomes and genes which transmit the hereditary factors, which make every person a unique individual.
The cell wall is sufficiently thin to allow oxygen and nutrients from the blood to enter the cell and waste products to leave.
Переведите текст Fuel system?
Переведите текст Fuel system.
The fuel system feeds the engine with the fuel air mixture , i .
E. the mixture of air with petrol (gasoline)or kerosine oil (vaporizing oil).
The fuel system of SI (spark ignition) gasoline engine consists of a fuel tank, a sediment bowl, a gauze filter, a fuel pump.
A carburetor with a float and f float chamber, an automatic choke (valve).
A throttle valve, a governor and manifolds.
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The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple—a roof to keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind.
The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications : they are either for housing or for industrial purpose.
As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types.
The brick is an artifical material made of clay then burnt to harden it.
The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load.
The buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire - proof and have poor heat conductivity.
The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories are called floors.
These may be of timber but in stone buildings they are made of ferro - concrete details in great and small sizes.
The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs.
These should tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the construction.
Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts.
The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses.
Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system.
Getting water into the house is called plumbing.
The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used.
The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called drainage or Sewerage.
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Fuel oil must, during
the refining process, be treated with sulphuric acid and this acid must
later be neutralized with soda.
When the engine is opened up after
running on the insufficiently washed oil, the entire surface of the
combustion spaces in the cylinders has a coating of gritty material
which is mostly sodium sulphate.
Troubles arising from air pockets
are eliminated by periodical opening of the vent cocks on the cylinder
heads.
When for any reason the cooling water supply to part or all of
the cylinders fails, the engine should not be kept in operation long
while the trouble is being corrected.
5, 6 предложение, если не ошибаюсь.