Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
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UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS
The underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable means of city’s transport.
Metro can solve the problems of carrying a great number of passengers in large cities as well as the problems of traffic jams, air contamination and noise.
However, from the technical point of view the underground railway system is very expensive and complicated constructional work.
This system includes subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines.
Ground based lines are usually used at the terminations of the underground railways.
Besides the underground and surface structures involve stations, tunnels, escalators, underpasses, ventilation and sanitary engineering as well as a power supply system.
The permanent way of underground railways differs from the usual railway track.
The sleepers are only 0.
9 m long.
They are shorter than those of the railroad track which are 2.
7 m long.
The sleepers of the usual track are laid upon ballast made of broken stone or other materials.
The crossties of the underground railway are laid directly on concrete base.
It is more expensive but keeps air free from dust.
If the ballast were made of slag, gravel, sand or even broken stone, the train would be followed by the dust clouds.
All Metro trains are powered by electricity.
The current is obtained from the third rail.
This contact rail is laid along the whole track and transmits the direct current of 825 volts to the train electromotor through the pantograph.
The Underground carrying capacity depends on the number of coaches, which ranges from 2 to 8 per train and the frequency of train running which ranges from 80 seconds to 8 minutes.
Nowadays there are underground railways in 80 cities all over the world.
The first Metro railways lines were constructed in London in 1863.
It is the oldest but not the longest Underground.
New York was the second city to build the subway.
The first track was laid in 1868 and nowadays it is the longest Metro in the world.
The shortest Metro line was constructed in Turkey.
Its length is only 600 m but Istanbul is very proud of the metropolitan means of traffic.
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There are several main systems of the body : the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.
The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which join them.
The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.
The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures.
The main function of this system is to move us about.
The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors.
It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing and communicating information.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood, which is pumped through the blood vessels by the heart.
Its function is mainly that of transportation system : the nutrients, oxygen, special substances which are required by cells are carried by the blood stream ; and the cellular wastes and sometimes other materials produced by the cells are carried away by the blood stream.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures.
Its main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs, where it can enter the blood stream and to remove carbon dioxide, which escapes from the blood into the lung spaces.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys which produce urine by removing nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood : the two ureters, which convey the urine away from the kidneys ; the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged ; and the urethra through which the urine is discharged.
7The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body, which produce regulatory substances called hormones.
The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.
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Past simple или Present Perfect.
The London Undeground (start) in 1863?
When Victorian engineers and workers (build) the Metropoliten railway.
This railway line (go) from Paddington Station to Farringdon Street Station, and steam engines (pull) the coaches.
Eleven more lines (open) since them.
The world's first undeground electric halway (open) in 1890.
This line (go) from the City of London to Stockwell in South London.
The most modern line is the Jubilee line, which (open) in 1979.
Since the London Underground (begin), many other cities, such as New York and Moscow, ( build) their own systems.
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ВсТавТе пРоПуЩеНныЕ слова !
СРОЧНО!
The. is the fourth largest country in the world stretching from the.
Ocean in the east to the.
In the west.
(2)It is situated in.
America.
3)it borders on in the north and on.
In the south.
4)there are a lot of mountains in the USA.
The highest and largest are the.
Un the west.
5)the.
Are in the east, they are lower and older.
6)the mighty.
Is the longest river in the USA.
Some other rivers flow into it.
7)The .
Lakes in the north of the USA are very deep.
The. lake is the largest and the.
Lake is the smallest.
8). is the capital of the USA.
It is situated on the.
River.
Напишите как это будет читаться по русски?
Напишите как это будет читаться по русски.
Например первое слово Ю, дальше вы.
You can reach England either by plane, by train, by car or by ship.
The fastest way is by plane.
London has three international airports : Heathrow, the largest, connected to the city by underground ; Gatwick, south of London, with a frequent train service ; Luton, the smallest, used for charter flights.
If you go to England by train or by car you have to cross the Channel.
There is a frequent service of steamers and ferryboats which connect the continent to the south - east of England.
People in Britain drive on the left and generally overtake on the right.
The speed limit is 30 miles per hour (50 km / h) in towns and cities and 70 m.
P. h.
(110 km / h) on motorways.
When you are in London you can choose from four different means of transport : bus, train, underground or taxi.
The typical bus in London is a red double - decker.
The first London bus started running between Paddington and the City in 1829.
It carried 40 passengers and cost a shilling for six kms.
The next to arrive were the trains ; now there are twelve railway stations in London.
The world's first underground line was opened between Baker St.
And the City in 1863.
Now there are ten underground lines and 273 underground stations in use.
The London underground is also called the Tube, because of the circular shape of its deep tunnels.
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Выпишите из текста предложения, которые стоят в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice).
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LONDON UNDERGROUND The underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of the 19th century.
The first underground system was proposed by Charles Pearson in 1843.
Twenty years later the first line of the London Underground was opened for traffic.
Its length was almost four miles.
On that first historic day, 30, 000 Londoners made the first underground railway travel in the world.
In the early days, the trains were driven by steam locomotives, which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke.
It is said that the train staff and porters asked for a permission to grow beards and moustaches – as an early form of smog mask.
The tunnels of the first underground were made as small as possible in order to reduce the construction costs.
The coaches themselves were small and narrow.
According to Pearson’s project, all lines were laid down close to the ground surface.
The deep tunneling came later, in 1890.
Constructing the tunnel through miles of clay, sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method, which made the construction of most London tunnels possible.
One of the longest continuous tunnels in the world is the 17½ - mile tunnel on the Northern line.
The first escalator was also installed in the London Underground in 1911.
During the World War II, the London Underground served as a shelter for thousands of Londoners.
Many British Museum treasures spent the war in the tunnels of the underground.
The railways were prepared for any emergency that might occur.
They had duplicate control systems, repair groups, duplicate power supply and so on.
To minimize the danger of flooding the underground near the Thames, isolating doors were built in the tunnels.
All the trains were equipped with special reduced lighting for using on open sections of track.
Nowadays the London Underground is the most popular means of city transport.
Its length is about 300 km and it has 273 stations.
Помогите перевести текст COMPUTERS HELP TO CONTROL TRAIN TRAFFIC An automatic train operation system is being developed in our country?
Помогите перевести текст COMPUTERS HELP TO CONTROL TRAIN TRAFFIC An automatic train operation system is being developed in our country.
It will make possible to control and regulate train traffic on all railways.
This system is being formed on the basis of computer centres which exist on each of the country's railway lines.
The purpose of the traffic control system based on electronics is to make easier the work of traffic controllers who direct the movement of trains on the most intensive lines.
The computer will give the controller the fall information on the conditions on the line, model all the processes on the route and advise him what he should do to improve the situation.
The computer will advise the drivers with which speed they should drive trains on each sector of the route.
The computer system will help train gatherers in their work.
It is only now, in the computer age, that it has become possible to choose the necessary variants of train formation automatically.
The new method will double the speed of train processing and make the work of railway - men easier.
In the future it is planned to automate train driving as well.
The computer will take over driver's functions, making it possible to considerably reduce the intervals of train movement.
Помогите перевести и вставить слова в предложение где пропущенные?
Помогите перевести и вставить слова в предложение где пропущенные?
Слова : a distance, to be around, to many, to represent, to vote, torecognize, a rilway, a system, an underground.
Предложение : I think we can 1) - - - - - - - - - - for the Moscow Underground.
The Moscow Metro 2) - - - - - - - - as the most beautiful underground 3) - - - - - - - - - system in the world.
The Metro opened in 1935 and now it is the second largest underground raiway 4) - - - - - - - - - - in the world.
The Moscow 5) - - - - - - - - - - - - has177 atations and 7 million people travel on the Metro every day.
The Moscow Metro map is like the London Tube map : it does not show true 6) - - - - - - - - - - - - - , it only shows how to get from one place to another.
The Moscow Metro 7) - - - - - - - - - - - - for more than 70 years and has become part of our culture and history.
8) - - - - - - - - , the Moscow Metro 9) - - - - - - - - - - - all that is great and beautiful in Russia.
Нужен перевод этого текста, пожалуйста, только чтобы перевод был смысловой , а не в разброс слова?
Нужен перевод этого текста, пожалуйста, только чтобы перевод был смысловой , а не в разброс слова.
The wagons were drawn by horses along the rails to the river where the ships tied up against wooden structures called coal fell the boat tipped at the end of the staithe by a pulley and the into in this below.
In 1720 there were more than 20, 000 horses trucks way around Newcastle and the number was always increasing, It needed one man and one horse for every wagon - load of coal.
The track was usually so that the man was needed clear the way and act as a brake to when the wagon went downhill.
Coal and so mines were More boats, however, came to the staithes for opened up further from the staithes and the railway lines became longer.
Sometimes it was not possible for the colliery owner to lay the track across his own land, so he asked permission to do so from another landowner, promising to pay a certain sum of money.
If the owner of the land refused, the colliery owner asked Parliament to pass an Act forcing the landowner to have the railway lines over his land.
The first Act of this kind was passed 1758 a line near Leeds.
It was not until 1801 that an Act was passed by Parliament permitting the building of a railway line which anyone could use.
It was called the Grand Surrey Iron Railway and ran for 91 / 2 miles from Croydon to the River Thames at Wandsworth.
Unlike the railways of today.
Any goods carrier who had wagons which would run on the rails and the horses to pull them could use the track by paying a certain sum of money.
The track was a plate - way and this made it easier for the goods carriers to use the wagons on the roads.
Roads for By 1820, it was clear that the railways were better than the carrying heavy goods and that iron rails were better than wooden ones, but the engineers could not agree about the best way of pulling the trucks.
Here are the ways from which they had to choose : By horses ropes.
2. By stationary engines pulling the trucks on 3.
By locomotives driven by steam,.
Нужен перевод этого текста, пожалуйста, чтобы подходило по смыслу The wagons were drawn by horses along the rails to the river where the ships tied up against wooden structures called coal fell the bo?
Нужен перевод этого текста, пожалуйста, чтобы подходило по смыслу The wagons were drawn by horses along the rails to the river where the ships tied up against wooden structures called coal fell the boat tipped at the end of the staithe by a pulley and the into in this below.
In 1720 there were more than 20, 000 horses trucks way around Newcastle and the number was always increasing, It needed one man and one horse for every wagon - load of coal.
The track was usually so that the man was needed clear the way and act as a brake to when the wagon went downhill.
Coal and so mines were More boats, however, came to the staithes for opened up further from the staithes and the railway lines became longer.
Sometimes it was not possible for the colliery owner to lay the track across his own land, so he asked permission to do so from another landowner, promising to pay a certain sum of money.
If the owner of the land refused, the colliery owner asked Parliament to pass an Act forcing the landowner to have the railway lines over his land.
The first Act of this kind was passed 1758 a line near Leeds.
It was not until 1801 that an Act was passed by Parliament permitting the building of a railway line which anyone could use.
It was called the Grand Surrey Iron Railway and ran for 91 / 2 miles from Croydon to the River Thames at Wandsworth.
Unlike the railways of today.
Any goods carrier who had wagons which would run on the rails and the horses to pull them could use the track by paying a certain sum of money.
The track was a plate - way and this made it easier for the goods carriers to use the wagons on the roads.
Roads for By 1820, it was clear that the railways were better than the carrying heavy goods and that iron rails were better than wooden ones, but the engineers could not agree about the best way of pulling the trucks.
Here are the ways from which they had to choose : By horses ropes.
2. By stationary engines pulling the trucks on 3.
By locomotives driven by steam,.
Read and write the worlds draw lines from the worlds to the pictures?
Read and write the worlds draw lines from the worlds to the pictures.
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ПОДЗЕМНАЯ ЖЕЛЕЗНАЯ ДОРОГА Метрополитен - самый быстрый, самый безопасный, самый надежный и самый удобный вид городского транспорта.
Метро способно решить проблему перемещения большого количества людей в огромных городах, так же как и проблему дорожных “пробок”, загрязнения воздуха и шума.
Тем не менее, в техническом плане система подземной ж / д требует очень дорогих и сложных строительных работ.
Эта система включает в себя подземные, наземные и эстакадные линии ж / д.
Наземные участки метро как правило расположены в конце ж / д линий.
Кроме того подземные и наземные части метрополитена включают в себя станции метро, тоннели, эскалаторы, путепроводы, системы вентиляции, санузлы, а также систему энергоснабжения.
Строение подземной ж / д отличается от наземных ж / д путей.
Шпалы у нее всего 0.
9 м в длину.
Они короче чем у обычной ж / д, у которой их длина составляет 2.
7 м. Шпалы наземных путей устанавливают на фундамент из щебня или других материалов.
Шпалы же метрополитена кладуться прямо на бетонный фундамент.
Это более затратно, но исключает пыль в воздухе.
Ведь если бы основа делалась из шлака, гравия, песка или даже щебня, то за поездом тянулись бы облака пыли.
Все поезда метро питаются от электричества.
Ток поступает по третьему рельсу.
Этот контактный рельс располагается по всему пути и передает постоянный электрический ток в 825 вольт в электромотор через пантограф поезда.
Пропускная способность метрополитена зависит от количества вагонов, которое варьируется от 2 - х до 8 - и на поезд и частоту прохождения поездов по станции, которая колеблется в пределах от 80 секунд до 8 минут.
На текущий момент в 80 городах мира есть метрополитен.
Первая сеть подземной ж / д была сооружена в Лондоне в 1863 году.
Это самый старый, но не самый длинный метрополитен.
Нью Йорк вторым построил метро.
Самая первая шпала была установлена в 1868 году, и сейчас это самая длинная подземная ж / д в мире.
Самая короткая же линия метро была построена в Турции.
Её длина всего 600 м, но Истанбул очень гордо относится к подземным видам транспорта.