Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
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A photograph that changed the world This is the first X - ray photograph.
It was taken by a German scientist, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, in 1896.
It is his wife's hand.
The bones in her hand (and also her wedding ring!
) are clearly seen in the photo.
X - rays were discovered by accident, while Roentgen was experimenting with electricity.
Soon after, he built the first X - ray machine.
Immediately, hospital operations were made much safer.
For the first time, doctors could see inside people's bodies before they cut them open!
In 1901, Roentgen was awarded the very first Nobel Prize in Physics.
His invention is still used every day by doctors and dentists, and is called the window into the human body.
Since the intoduction of computer imaging in the 1970s, X - ray machines have been used for other things, too.
At airports, many criminals have been caught with illegal items in their luggage.
Also, lost works of art have been discovered underneath other paintings.
In factories, many faults in new products are found every day, using X - rays.
There is no doubt that new uses for X - rays will be developed in the future.
The Passive must be learned and used?
The Passive must be learned and used.
The wind shook the house,
The house was shaken.
We took what we could,
not everything was taken.
We lost our pets,
And that day they were not found.
The wind broke dont our house,
It was thrown to the ground.
Then we built a new house,
It was built too fast to tell.
We did the work together,
It was done very well.
We invited all our friends,
Our friends were invited.
All of them came with presents,
We were happy and excited.
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The First Cinema Films.
One of the first cinema films was made by Edison, but the intervals between his photographic exposures were too short - about forty - eight photographs taken (and shown) to the second.
The human eye could not see them so fast and the movements therefore appeared very jerky.
This made the eyestired.
When Edison's machine was brought to France to show films, it was seen there by Auguste and Louis Lumiere.
These two brothers soon made a camera and projector that worked at about 16 photographs per second.
This reduced the jerkiness very much, and in December 1895 the Lumiere brothers gave the worlds's first real cinematograph show.
Their film was called The Arrival of a Train at a Station.
The film was so good that some of the audience almost expected the train to rush out at them from the screen.
In 1903 one of Edison's cameramen made a new long picture.
It was called «The Life of an American Fireman».
People liked it and asked for more ; and so more films of this kind were made.
More cinemas were built.
These first films had no sound.
When it was necessary, printed words were thrown on the screen to explain what was happening or what people were saying.
Usually music was played during the showing of a film.
If the film was showing moonlight on the sea, the music was gentle and sweet.
If there was a fight or a storm, the music wasloud and noisy.
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The Development of Rubber Here is the story of rubber.
From the earliest time it was common knowledge the Peruvians that when a cut was made in the outside skin of a rubber tree , a white dliquid milk came out , and that this a sticky mass of rubber might be made .
This rubber is soft when warm, so that it is possible to give it any .
The Peruvians made the that it was very good for keeping out the wet.
Then in the early 1800's , the Americans made use of it for the first time .
First they made overshoes to their feet dry.
Then came a certain Mr.
Mackintosh, who made coats of cloth covered with natural rubber.
From that day to this we have been coating cloth with rubber as Mr.
Mackintosh, and our raincoats are still named after him.
But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in summer, and and inelastic in the winter when it was cold.
But the rubber we have today is soft and elastiс, very strong - even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter.
This was made by a man called Goodyear.
After many , he found that nitric acid made the rubber much better, but it is not hard and strong enough.
Then a strange thing took .
A friend of his , Nicholas Hayward, had the idea in his sleep that rubber might be made hard and strong if mixed with sulphur and put in the sun.
Goodyear put this idea the test, and saw that it did have more or less the desired effect - though somewhat less than more.
The only effect it had was on the outside of the drubber.
It is common knowledge now that the to make rubber hard and strong is by heating dit with sulphur.
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СРОЧНО НУЖЕН ПЕРЕВООД!
Roentgen also revealed that these X - rays could pass through solid matter and expose an X - ray film.
(2) This discovery led immediately to the use of X - rays in medicine, a use we are all familiar with.
Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X - rays he did not know what the rays were.
He therefore called them X - rays, the X standing for their unknown nature.
Today scientists know X - rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and therefore of extremely short wave length.
X - rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material.
The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X - rays, the greater the speed of the electrons the higher the frequency of the X - rays.
As mentioned above X - rays were in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine since their discovery.
Industrial radiology has been discovered later particularly for inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and airplane industries.
Flaws and cracks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X - ray techniques.
Famous paintings are often X - rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries.
(3) Using X - rays irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well - known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc.
They could obtain materials of greater strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.
Radiation is known to be a mutagenic agent.
In microbiology mutations are increased by irradiation.
When a large - scale production of penicillin was introduced the best strain yielded 100 - 200 units of penicillin.
Being irradiated with X - rays, the same strain produced more than 1, 000 units.
Many new uses have been found for this treatment in agriculture.
(4).
СРОЧНО НУЖЕН ПЕРЕВООД?
СРОЧНО НУЖЕН ПЕРЕВООД!
Roentgen also revealed that these X - rays could pass through solid matter and expose an X - ray film.
(2) This discovery led immediately to the use of X - rays in medicine, a use we are all familiar with.
Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X - rays he did not know what the rays were.
He therefore called them X - rays, the X standing for their unknown nature.
Today scientists know X - rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and therefore of extremely short wave length.
X - rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material.
The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X - rays, the greater the speed of the electrons the higher the frequency of the X - rays.
As mentioned above X - rays were in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine since their discovery.
Industrial radiology has been discovered later particularly for inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and airplane industries.
Flaws and cracks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X - ray techniques.
Famous paintings are often X - rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries.
(3) Using X - rays irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well - known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc.
They could obtain materials of greater strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.
Radiation is known to be a mutagenic agent.
In microbiology mutations are increased by irradiation.
When a large - scale production of penicillin was introduced the best strain yielded 100 - 200 units of penicillin.
Being irradiated with X - rays, the same strain produced more than 1, 000 units.
Many new uses have been found for this treatment in agriculture.
4.
ПЕРЕВОД НА РУССКИЙ?
ПЕРЕВОД НА РУССКИЙ.
The first permanent theatre in England was established by James Burbage (an actor) and was called just The Theatre.
The Globe is the most famous theatre.
It was built by the sons of Burbage in 1599 on the southern shore of the Thames.
The Globe especially famous for William Shakespeare's plays that were produced there.
The Globe didn’t have a roof and it resembled the inn yard.
Ordinary poor people were standing in front of the stage while the rich enjoyed the performance from the galleries.
The scenery of the plays had rich decorations.
Most of the costumes were donated by rich patrons.
The clothes were always bright and luxurious.
All actors had to know dancing, singing and stage fencing.
They also used a lot of improvisation.
Famous actors of that time were for example Edward Alleyn and Richard Burbage.
1. Christopher Columbus discovered ?
1. Christopher Columbus discovered .
In 1492 2.
The official national symbol of the USA in .
3. The first president of the US was.
4. The tradition of Thanksgiving Day was started by .
5. The name of the ship that sailed from Plymouth for the New World in 1620 was the.
6. the American flag is often called the.
1. Christopher Columbus discovered ?
1. Christopher Columbus discovered .
In 1492
2.
The official national symbol of the USA in .
3. The first president of the US was.
4. The tradition of Thanksgiving Day was started by .
5. The name of the ship that sailed from Plymouth for the New World in 1620 was the.
6. the American flag is often called the.
АНГЛ?
АНГЛ!
Заполните пропуски предлогами by, with, for, at, in.
The steam was invented .
James Watt, who worked .
Many years before he could make the instruments .
Which he perfected his machine.
. first he worked .
Primitive tools so he could not make his engine well - regulated.
The old machine was kept going .
A boy who stood by it and let.
The air.
Means of which the steam was condensed at every revolution.
. this machine, though it was imperfect, some work was done and it had been used .
A large mine - owner (шахтовладелец) to pump out the water.
The first efficient steam - engine was made .
A Birmingham firm and it was soon used.
Nearly every manufacturer.
The revolution in industry made .
This machine was extremely great.
ПЕРЕВЕДИТЕSurgeons have been performing operations for hundreds of years?
ПЕРЕВЕДИТЕ
Surgeons have been performing operations for hundreds of years.
The first successful appendix operation was in 1736, a painful operations without anaesthetics.
Doctors have been using anaesthetics since 1845.
Queen Victoria was some of the first women to give birth with the help of anaesthetics.
Today surgeons perform amazing operations.
In 1967, in South Africa.
Dr. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant.
Since then thousands of people have received new hearts.
People who can’t have children have also received help from medical science.
In 1978 the first test - tube baby, Louise Brown, was born.
Since then over 4000 couples had babies using this technique.
Now there is even an operations that can help people who are short - sighted.
People who have had the operation in Moscow can now see better.
The operation is available in other countries.
New eye surgery using lasers could be even more important in the future.
Spectacles, or glasses, have been with us for about 500 years and people have been wearing contact lenses since the nineteenth century.
Because of the new operations, eye surgeon Mr.
William Jory thinks that in the year 2050 nobody will need glasses.
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Фотография, которая изменила мир
Это первый рентгеновский снимок.
Он был взят немецким ученым Вильгельмом Конрадом Рентгеном, в 1896.
Это рука его жены.
Кости в руке (а также ее обручальное кольцо!
) Хорошо видны на фото.
Рентгеновские лучи были обнаружены случайно, в то время как Рентген экспериментировал с электричеством.
Вскоре после этого он построил первый рентгеновский аппарат.
Немедленно, больничные операции были сделаны намного безопаснее.
Впервые, врачи могли видеть внутри тела людей, прежде чем они режут их открытыми!
В 1901 году Рентген был удостоен самой первой Нобелевской премии по физике.
Его изобретение до сих пор используется каждый день врачей и стоматологов, и называется окно в человеческом теле.
Так как презентационное компьютерной томографии в 1970 - е годы, рентгеновские аппараты были использованы для других вещей тоже.
В аэропортах, многие преступники были пойманы с запрещенных предметов в багаже.
Кроме того, потерянные произведения искусства были обнаружены под другими картинами.
На заводах, многие недостатки в новых продуктах встречаются каждый день, используя рентгеновские лучи.
Существует никаких сомнений в том, что новые возможности для использования рентгеновских лучей будет развиваться в будущем.