Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
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Заранее спасибо : 3 At the beginning of the 12th century Novgorod became a republic in which power was in the hands of the boyars and the prince was relegated to the position of a hired, military governor.
At the same time the prince also lost control of the citadel moved to the Gorodishche near which the Yuriev monastery and, a little later, the Church of Our Saviour in Nereditsa were built by the princes for their personal use.
The Novgorod boyars became the masters of the citadel in the person of the posadnik (a kind of burgomaster) and the archbishop, both chosen from the small class of wealthy boyars.
Moving from the citadel meant that the princes also lost their cathedral—St Sophia.
Right from the beginning of the 12th century it ceased to be a royal cathedral and passed into the hands of the archbishop becoming the principal church of the republic.
From the 12th century onwards all alterations, repairs and frescoes were carried out on the initiative of the archbishop.
In the course of the 12th century the Novgorod princes made a number of attempts to erect new buildings that would rival the cathedral which they had lost.
As early as 1103 Prince Mstislav laid the foundations of the Church of the Annunciation in the Gorodishche, remains of which were excavated in 1932, 1966 and 1968.
These excavated sections show the church, which was the oldest one in Novgorod after the Cathedral of St Sophia, to have been a large, impressive building.
In 1113 Mstislav founded the five - domed Cathedral of St Nicholas in Yaroslav's Court in the middle of the Market side.
It was for the prince's personal use and even the priests officiating in it were subordinate to the prince instead of the archbishop.
Thus, when Archbishop Nifont refused for political considerations to marry Prince Svyatoslav to a Novgorod girl, the chronicle records that the prince "bade his own priests marry him in St Nicholas”.
In spite of this, the church's architecture does not contain any features found in later private royal churches.
In architecture and decoration it belongs to the type of large 12th - century town cathedral, which suggests that the prince was deliberately trying to erect a church that would rival the Cathedral of St Sophia.
The royal Yuriev monastery was founded at the beginning of the 12th century facing the Gorodishche on the opposite bank of the River Volkhov.
Its foundation and subsequent history are closely connected with the new role which the Gorodishche began to play in the early 12th century when it became an important centre in the political life of Novgorod, as well as the new residence of the princes.
In 1119 Prince Vsevolod built the Cathedral of St George in the Yuriev monastery, which in size and beauty ranks second only to the Cathedral of St Sophia in Novgorodian architecture.
The prince wanted to erect a building which would at least rival the Cathedral of St Sophia, if not eclipse it.
A later Novgorodian chronicle contains the name of the cathedral's architect - a Russian builder called Master Pyotr.
Like the.
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Cathedral of St Nicholas in Yaroslav's Court, it is a large, imposing edifice.
A high, rectangular tower containing a staircase leading to the choir gallery was added to the northwest corner of the west wall.
The cathedral shows a remarkable laconism of form.
Severity of proportion and clarity of structural conception which give the exterior a monolithic unity.
After the erection of St George there was a marked decline in royal building in Novgorod.
The extremely tense political situation of the next few decades saw the building of the last two churches which the princes of Novgorod were to erect in the town itself.
These are the Church of St John in Opoki (1127) and the Church of the Assumption in the Market Place (1135).
They were both founded by Prince Vsevolod shortly before he was expelled from Novgorod.
Both buildings have suffered from numerous alterations carried out at different periods.
Basically they are a simplified version of the Cathedral of St Nicholas in Yaroslav's Court.
Neither have towers, however, and from now on we find that entrance to the choir gallery is by a narrow staircase in the west wall.
After 1135 the princes did not erect any more buildings in the town itself.
They did not even play any part in the frequent rebuilding of the walls and towers of the citadel from the 12th to the 14th century.
The chronicle mentions only three buildings put up by the princes after 1135, but these were all in or near the Gorodishche.
In 1165 Prince Svyatoslav built the Church of St Nicholas which was replaced in 1191 by a new one of the same name.
It is most significant that both churches were made of wood.
From the beginning of the 12th century the princes felt extremely insecure in Novgorod.
They frequently fled from the town or were driven out of it by the veche, and consequently did not feel inclined to go in for large - scale building which demanded a great deal of time and money.
The last building erected by the Novgorod princes can only be understood in the light of this new political situation.
It is the Church of Our Saviour built by Prince Yaroslav in 1198 at Ncrcditsa in a royal monastery near the princes' new residence at the Gorodishche.
Yaroslav was obviously not attempting to build anything even mildly reminiscent of the.
Перевод 5) St Peterburg was founded by Peter the Great on May 27, 1703?
Перевод 5) St Peterburg was founded by Peter the Great on May 27, 1703.
1) The Peter and Paul Cathedral was designed by Domenico Trezzini at the beginning of the eighteenth century.
2) The Mikhailovsky Castle was built by Vasili Bazhenov and Vincenzo Brenna at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
4) The magnificent kazan Cathedral was built in 1811.
7) The Dutch Church was housed un the beautiful building is Newsky Prospect in 1831 - 1837.
3) St Isaac's Cathedral was decorated by famous Russian painters in the middle of the nineteenth century.
6) The Victory Monument was created in 1975.
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At the end of the 18th century it was decided to build a magnificent cathedral.
Paul I wanted to resemble Saint Peter‘s Cathedral in Rome.
The competition for the design of the new cathedral was announced.
Many famous architects took part in it.
The design of the cathedral made by Andrey Voronikhin was approved in 1800.
The architect designed this cathedral in the traditions of Russian classicism.
Though it looks like Saint Peter‘s Cathedral in Rome it has the shape of a Latin cross which stretches from west to east.
The cathedral was consecrated on the 15th of September 1811.
The Kazan Cathedral strikes by its rich décor, magnificence and huge forms.
The monumental colonnade of Kazan Cathedral consists of 96 Corinthian columns in 4 rows.
Each column is 12.
37 metres high.
The columns are faced with the light yellow Pudozh stone and decorated with vertical troughs.
On the top of the columns there is a balustrade.
The cathedral is embellished with six - column porticoes with triangular frontons.
On these frontons there is a bas - relief depicting one of the Biblical subjects «The All - Seeing Eye».
The dome of the cathedral is light and proportionate.
It towers above the colonnade.
The outer casing of the dome is made of forged iron.
It has a metal base in the form of radially diverging ribs.
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When the Normans conquered England in 1066, they imposed the Carolingian judicial system on the Anglo - Saxons.
In the long struggle between king and landed nobility that ensued, one of the principal weapons of the Crown was the Curia Regis (king’s court), which was held wherever the royal household was situated.
The principal judicial strongholds of the nobility were the manorial courts, chiefly the courts baron and courts leet.
Judicial supremacy eventually was won by the Crown, and, since the reign of King Edward I, in the 13th century, English courts have been organized on a centralized basis.
Перевидите на русский The film is also about life in the 1940s and 1950s?
Перевидите на русский The film is also about life in the 1940s and 1950s.
In those days , Kazakhstan's name was the Kazakh Soviet Socialst Republic .
The govetnmet in Mosciw ruled the Kazakh SSR.
Many years later , in the 1990s, Kazakhstan became a new independent country, and the boy from the village of Shamalgan was its first president.
The construction of the Moscow Kremlin as a red - brick stone fortress began in the late 15th century?
The construction of the Moscow Kremlin as a red - brick stone fortress began in the late 15th century.
At that time Ivan III ruled over the united Russian state, and he invited Italian architects to supervise the reconstruction of the Kremlin.
The newly - built stronghold was a massive brick wall with 20 towers.
It surrounded the most important buildings, the construction of which was continued later.
Now the Kremlin is one of the most ancient parts of the city.
Each corner has one tower.
The tallest tower of the whole Kremlin complex is the the Troitskaya Tower.
One of the most popular towers is the Spasskaya Tower.
Its senior architect was the famous Pietro Solari.
The main Kremlin clock is situated here.
The Kremlin is also the the seat of the Russian government.
The Grand Kremlin Palace is the principal building, and the through - passage to it is located in the Nikolskaya Tower.
The complex serves as the residence of the President of the Russian Federation.
The Ivan the Great Bell Tower is renowned for once being the tallest building in old Moscow and the tallest belfry in Russia.
The Tsar Bell was installed nearby.
It is the world’s largest bell and it weighs about 200 tons.
The famous Tsar Cannon was constructed in 1586.
Задание по английскомуfill in the blanks using the simple past passive forms of the verbs in bracketsThe cathedral (1) (build) in the 19th century?
Задание по английскому
fill in the blanks using the simple past passive forms of the verbs in brackets
The cathedral (1) (build) in the 19th century.
Ordinary (простые) people(2) (collect) the money for it.
The cathedral was devoted (посвящён) to the victory of the Russians over the Napoleon’s army in the Patriotic War of 1812.
The cathedral (3) (start) in 1839 by the Russian architect Konstantin Thon.
Many famous painters (4) (decorate) it.
The construction work (строительство) (5) (finish) in 1883.
In the 1930s the cathedral (6) (destroy) by Bolsheviks.
They wanted to build the Palace of Soviets (Дворец Советов) in the place of the magnificent cathedral.
The Great Patriotic War (Великая Отечественная война) (7) (destroy) their plans.
After the war a swimming pool (8) (build) there.
But the cathedral was still in the hearts (сердцах) of many Russians.
On the 7th of January, 1995 the new Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (9) (start).
In five years the copy(10) (build).
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The kremlin
The Kremlin is the heart of Moscow.
It is the oldest historical and architectural centre of Moscow.
First it was a wooden fortress.
Under Dmitry Donskoy the Kremlin was built of white stone.
During the reign of Ivan III the walls of white stone were replaced by new red bri ck walls and towers.
The Tsar invited Italian architects to construct the cathedrals.
The Assumption Cathedral was built in 1475 - ^ 1479 and all Russian Tsars and Emperors were crowned there.
The Archangel Cathedral was the burial place of the Russian Princes and Tsars.
The An - nuiciation Cathedral was built in 1484.
It is famous for the icons painted by Andrey Rublev and his apprentices.
Ivan the Great is the Bell Tower, one of the most remarkable structures of the 16 - th century.
It rises in the certre of the Kremlin.
It unites all the Kremlin Cathedrals into a majestic ensemble.
On the stone pedestal at the foot of the Bell Tower there is a Tsar - Bell — the largest bell in the world.
Not far from it one can see a Tsar - Cannon.
Another fine example of Russian architecture is the Faceted Palace.
It was built in 1487 - 91.
- - One of the well - known Kremlin museums is the Armoury Chamber.
It was built in 1851.
The famous golden cap of Monomach, the first Russian imperial crown of Catherine II, made of gilt silver and many other precious historical items are exhibited there.
Questions
When were the red walls constructed?
Where were the Russian Tsars and Emperors crowned?
Which Cathedral is connected with Andrey Rublev?
What is Annunciation Cathedral famous for?
What is exhibited in the Armoury Chamber?
Ответьте пожалуйста на вопросы из текста The KremlinThe Kremlin is the heart of Moscow?
Ответьте пожалуйста на вопросы из текста The Kremlin
The Kremlin is the heart of Moscow.
It is the oldest historical and architectural center of Moscow.
First it was a wooden fortress.
Under Dmitry Donskoy the Kremlin was built of white stone.
During the reign of Ivan III the walls of white stone were replaced by new red brick walls and towers.
The Tsar invited Italian architects to construct the cathedrals.
The Assumption Cathedral was built in 1475 - 1479 and all Russian Tsars and Emperors were crowned there.
The Archangel Cathedral was the burial place of the Russian Princes and Tsars.
The Annunciation Cathedral was built in 1484.
It is famous for the icons painted by Andrey Rublev and his apprentices.
Ivan the Great is the Bell Tower, one of the most remarkable structures of the 16 - th century.
It rises in the center of the Kremlin.
It unites all the Kremlin Cathedrals into a majestic ensemble.
On the stone pedestal at the foot of the Bell Tower there is a Tsar - Bell – the largest bell in the world.
Not far from it one can see a Tsar Cannon.
Another fine example of Russian architecture is the Faceted Palace.
It was built in 1487 - 91.
One of the well - known Kremlin museums is the Armory Chamber.
It was built in 1851.
The famous golden cap of Monomach, the first Russian imperial crown of Catherine II, made of gilt silver and many other precious historical items are exhibited there 1.
When were the red walls constructed?
2. Where were the Russian Tsars and Emperors crowned?
3. Which Cathedral is connected with Andrey Rublev?
4. What is Annunciation Cathedral famous for?
5. What is exhibited in the Armoury Chamber?
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Марк Твен "Принц и нищий" ответы к 3 главе.
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1. Say if the statement is true or false.
Correct the false one.
1) Tom went along the streets.
He knew where he
went.
2) The crowd on the square hoped to see the king.
3) When the prince saw Tom he invited him to the
palace.
4) W hen Tom finished eating the prince asked him
questions.
5) The prince said that his cousins and sisters were
very good to him.
6) The prince promised to help Tom and his family.
7) The little prince did not like that Tom looked
like him.
8) The crowd pushed Edward away from the gates
o f the palace.
2. Put the sentences in the right order.
1) Tom wanted to have a better look at the prince.
2) The prince asked Tom such strange questions.
3) That day Tom went out hungry.
4) The soldier opened the gates, and Tom went in.
5) Tom found him self near the king’s palace.
6) The prince took Tom into the palace.
7) Tom told the prince about his mother and his
twin sisters.
8) In a few minutes the two boys were standing before
a great mirror.
9) Tom told the prince what fun they had in summer.
10) The prince saw the bruise on Tom ’s hand.
11) The soldier mocked at the prince.
12) The prince ran out of his cabinet.
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В начале 12 века Новгород стал Республикой, в которой власть была в руках бояр и князя был низведен до положения наемного, военным губернатором.
В то же время принц и потерял контроль над цитаделью переехал в Городище, рядом с которым Юрьев монастырь и, чуть позже, Церковь Спаса на Нередице была построена князьями для их личного использования.
Новгородские бояре стали хозяевами цитадели в лице посадника (некий бургомистр) и архиепископ, как выбрали из небольшого класса богатых бояр.
Двигаясь от цитадели означало, что князья потеряли собора—Святой Софии.
С самого начала 12 - го века он перестал быть королевский собор и передал в руки архиепископа становится главным храмом Республики.
С 12 - го века все изменения, ремонт и фрески были проведены по инициативе архиепископа.
В ходе 12 - го века Новгородские князья предприняли несколько попыток, чтобы возводить новые здания, которые будут соперничать собор, который они потеряли.
Еще в 1103 князь Мстислав заложил Церковь Благовещенияв Городище, остатки которого были раскопаны в 1932, 1966 и 1968.
Эти раскопанные участки показывают церковь, старейшая в Новгороде после собора Святой Софии, были большие, внушительные здания.
В 1113 году Мстислав основал пятиглавый Собор святителя Николая на Ярославовом дворище в средней части рынка.
Это было для личного использования, княжеские и даже священники судейство в нем были подчиненные князю вместо архиепископа.
Таким образом, когда архиепископ Нифонт отказался по политическим соображениям, чтобы выйти замуж за князя Святослава в Новгороде девушка, летописных.
В начале 12 - го века Новгород стал республикой, в которой власть находилась в руках бояр и принц был понижен до позиции наемного, военного губернатора.
В то же время князь также потерял контроль над цитаделью переехал в Городища, возле которого монастырь Юрьев и, чуть позже, церковь Спаса в Нередицы были построены князьями для их личного пользования.
Новгородского боярства стали хозяевами крепости в лице посадника (своего рода бургомистра) и архиепископом, и выбраны из небольшого класса богатых бояр.
Переход от крепости означало, что князья потеряли свой собор - St Sophia.
С самого начала 12 - го века он перестал быть королевским собором и перешла в руки архиепископа став главной церковью республики.
С 12 - го века и далее все изменения, ремонт и фрески были проведены по инициативе архиепископа.
В ходе 12 - го века новгородские князья сделали ряд попыток возвести новые здания, которые будут соперничать собор, который они потеряли.
Уже в 1103 году князь Мстислав заложил основы церкви Благовещенияв Городища, остатки которого были найдены в 1932, 1966 и 1968 гг Эти раскопанные участки показывают церковь, которая была старейшим в Новгороде после того, как собор Святой Софии, чтобы было большое, внушительное здание.
В 1113 году Мстислав основал пятиглавый собор Святого Николая в Ярославовом дворище в середине стороны рынка.
Это было для личного пользования князя и даже священники судействе в нем были подчинены князю вместо архиепископа.
Таким образом, когда архиепископ Нифонт отказался по политическим соображениям, чтобы жениться на князя Святослава новгородского девушки, летописные записи о том, что принц "простился его собственные жрецы выйти за него замуж в Святого Николая".
Несмотря на это, архитектура церкви не содержит каких - либо функций найдены в более поздних частных королевских церквей.
В архитектуре и отделке она относится к типу большого города 12 - го века собор, который наводит на мысль, что князь был намеренно пытается возвести церковь, которая будет соперничать собор Святой Софии.
Королевский Юрьев монастырь был основан в начале 12 - го века с видом на городище на противоположном берегу реки Волхов.
Ее фундамент и последующая история тесно связана с новой ролью, которую Городищенский начал играть в начале 12 - го века, когда он стал важным центром в политической жизни Новгорода, а также новую резиденцию князей.
В 1119 году князь Всеволод построил собор Святого Георгия в Юрьевском монастыре, который по размерам и красоте занимает второе место только в собор Святой Софии в новгородской архитектуры.
Князь хотел возвести здание, которое было бы по крайней мере соперничать собор Святой Софии, если не затмить его.
Позднее новгородские запись содержит имя архитектора собора - a русского строителя под названием Мастер Петр.
Как.