Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
The underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of the 19th century.
The first underground system was proposed by Charles Pearson in 1843.
Twenty years later the first line of the London Underground was opened for traffic.
Its length was almost four miles.
On that first historic day, 30, 000 Londoners made the first underground railway travel in the world.
In the early days, the trains were driven by steam locomotives, which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke.
It is said that the train staff and porters asked for a permission to grow beards and moustaches – as an early form of smog mask.
The tunnels of the first underground were made as small as possible in order to reduce the construction costs.
The coaches themselves were small and narrow.
According to Pearson’s project, all lines were laid down close to the ground surface.
The deep tunneling came later, in 1890.
Constructing the tunnel through miles of clay, sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method, which made the construction of most London tunnels possible.
One of the longest continuous tunnels in the world is the 17½ - mile tunnel on the Northern line.
The first escalator was also installed in the London Underground in 1911.
During the World War II, the London Underground served as a shelter for thousands of Londoners.
Many British Museum treasures spent the war in the tunnels of the underground.
The railways were prepared for any emergency that might occur.
They had duplicate control systems, repair groups, duplicate power supply and so on.
To minimize the danger of flooding the underground near the Thames, isolating doors were built in the tunnels.
All the trains were equipped with special reduced lighting for using on open sections of track.
Nowadays the London Underground is the most popular means of city transport.
Its length is about 300 km and it has 273 stations.
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Переведите пожалуйста текст на русский язык (Переводчиком пользоваться нельзя!
) Going UndergroundIn the 1860s London was, quite literally, the capital of the world.
The city was growing, and as its population grew as well, transport in the city became a big problem.
Some new way of travelling was needed and people looked to the innovations of the Industrial Revolution.
The invention of the steam engine was relatively new and exciting and people began to think that it could be possible to transport people by trains underground.
So it was that in 1863, using techniques borrowed from digging tunnels for other uses, a 2 - mile line from Paddington in West London to Farringdon in East London was built.
Major cities all over the world soon copied this type of city transit engineering.
The most famous include : 1.
Moscow underground which is the largest in terms of passenger numbers, with more than a billion passenger journeys a year.
Some underground stations are very beautiful and include sculptures, mosaic pictures in the ceilings, picturesque decorations.
The price of a Metro ticket is less than $0, 5.
The first line was open in the thirties of the 20th century.
Переведи текст The beginning of railway construction in Russia may be traced as far back as the second half of the XVIII century?
Переведи текст The beginning of railway construction in Russia may be traced as far back as the second half of the XVIII century.
Road building became closely connected with the development of the mining industry.
Among the numerous works built in the Urals the most important and the best equipped ones were Voskresensk works.
It was at those works that the first tramways in Russia were laid down to link the mines and the works.
K. D.
Frolov, a trained foreman was engaged in the construction of the tracks, and great ability and zeal were displayed by him in that work.
Later on, in 1769, K.
D. Frolov succeeded in mechanizing transportations within the shops of the works.
The next very important step was taken by A.
S. Yartsev, manager of the Alexander Gun works in Petrozavodsk, who suggested that cast iron rails should be used instead of trains, accordingly in 1788 a railway 173, 5 meters long was constructed to meet the needs of the works.
Another line with cast iron rails was constructed in the Altai Mountains by engineer R.
K. Frolov, son of K.
D. Frolov, in 1809.
Its length was 1867 kms.
Its technical equipment was much superior to the equipment of all the railways built in the Urals at that time.
The rails R.
K. Frolov used were elliptical instead of being angular.
It was on that railway that the graphic method of timing train movements was first applied and it was R.
K. Frolov who did it.
The stationary steam engine invented by I.
I. Polsunov in the 1763 and installed at some plants paved the way for the introduction of steam as tractive power on railways.
The first steam loco in Russia was constructed by the Cherepanovs, farther and son, who were considered to be the most skilled and talented workmen of their time.
In Russia many people had doubts about the possibility of using steam engines in the Russian winter.
The first railway using steam traction was put into operation at the Nizhni Tagil metallurgical works.
It was a short distance line covering only 854 metres.
Some four years later, in 1838, the inauguration of the St.
Petersburg Tsarskoye Selo railway took place.
That very important railway line, which was 27 km, was soon followed in 1851, by the construction of the Warsaw – Austrian Border railway and later on by the building of the St.
Petersburg – Moscow line 644 km in length.
That was a first class double – track railway line, which linked two large industrial and cultural centers – Moscow and St.
Petersburg ; 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were erected to make the line as straight and level as possible.
P. P.
Melnicov and N.
O. Kraft, prominent engineers, were in charge of the construction work.
Задать 6 вопросов к содержанию текста(общий, , специальный, альтернативный?
Задать 6 вопросов к содержанию текста(общий, , специальный, альтернативный.
) LONDON'S UNDERGROUND 1.
Bands were playing and the gentlemen in hats were preparing to make speeches about their great achievement.
They made the first underground railway travel in the world - a distance of almost four miles.
It was the year 1863 and on that first historic day 30, 000 Londoners used this new and strange way of travel.
Now more than a hundred years later the London Underground carries more than a million passengers every day.
The total number of passengers carried by the London Underground each year is enormous, and it is constantly growing.
2. In the early days the trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal.
It is said that the train staff and porters' asked permission to grow beards and moustaches - as an early form of smog mask.
Now the atmosphere "underground" is considered even better than that outside as germs cannot grow in the dry air - and the trains, of course, are electric.
3. The deep tunnelling came later, in 1890.
Tunnelling a tube through miles of clay, and sometimes sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method which was to make most of London's tube tunnels possible.
London transport's experience with tunnels brought them another record.
One of the longest continuous railway tunnels in the world is the 17 1 / 2 mile tunnel on the Northern line.
4. There are numerous escalators which help to keep the traffic moving.
The first was installed in 1911.
One of them at Leicester Square is over 80 feet in length.
On long escalators the speed is changeable.
Hie "up" escalator runs at full speed when carrying passengers, but when empty it runs at half speed.
Many of the new escalators have automatic control making a more frequent service throughout the possible.
5. Safety was always one of the main concerns of London transport.
In spite of the feet that trains often follow each other within seconds, it is said that the London Underground is the safest form of transport in die world.
Automatic signalling is operated by the trains themselves.
A programme machine controls routes : if changes are necessary, they are made automatically and with lightning speed.
No accidents can happen through human weakness.
New automatic driving systems are now being used The air in the Underground is changed every quarter of an hour, and the temperature all year round is maintained at 69 - 79 degrees Fahrenheit.
6. Though the quality of service is high there is still significant overcrowding on certain lines at peak periods.
This problem is being discussed and additional improvement of service is planned for the future.
A number of station modernization schemes are being completed.
The aim is to provide a more attractive environment for the passengers.
The usage of modern materials makes maintenance easier.
This modernization is coordinated with the renewal of lifts and escalators and the introduction of new ticketing machines.
The Fare in the Underground depends on the distance, but the lowest is 50 pence The Underground is becoming much cleaner and brighter and therefore' more pleasant to use, carrying more passengers than at any time in its long Crime levels in London are generally reflected by crime levels on London's transport.
According to 1he statistics the crime level in the Underground is father high.
To ensure safety of passengers and the staff the transport authorities added more police officers to the Underground System to guarantee as much protection as possible.
The oldest underground in the world?
The oldest underground in the world.
ПЕРЕВЕСТИ3?
ПЕРЕВЕСТИ
3.
The deep tunnelling came later, in 1890.
Tunnelling a tube through miles of clay, and sometimes sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method which was to make most of London's tube tunnels possible.
London transport's experience with tunnels brought them another record.
One of the longest continuous railway tunnels in the world is the 17 1 / 2 mile tunnel on the Northern line.
ПЕРЕВЕСТИ 1?
ПЕРЕВЕСТИ 1.
Bands were playing and the gentlemen in hats were preparing to make speeches about their great achievement.
They made the first underground railway travel in the world - a distance of almost four miles.
It was the year 1863 and on that first historic day 30, 000 Londoners used this new and strange way of travel.
Now more than a hundred years later the London Underground carries more than a million passengers every day.
The total number of passengers carried by the London Underground each year is enormous, and it is constantly growing.
The Tower of London Most of London sights, such as the Tower, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Trafalgar Square, and others are famous all over the world?
The Tower of London Most of London sights, such as the Tower, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Trafalgar Square, and others are famous all over the world.
The Tower of London was founded in the 11 th century by William the Conqueror.
The Tower in the past was a fortress, a palace, and a prison, Though the kings were born, lived and were married there, it happened also that kings and queens were murdered in the Tower.
It was said that whoever held the keys to the Tower, held the keys to the kingdom.
 The Tower of London The Tower has several towers : the Jewel Tower, where the Royal precious jewels are kept, the White Tower, in which the Kings of England held their Court, and others.
One of the towers is called the Bloody Tower where the king Edward V and his brother were murdered.
The Duke оfYork.
Queen Anne Boleyn, the Princess (afterwards Queen) Elisabeth and many other people were in prison in the Tower.
Now the Tower is a museum and the Crown jewels and other treasures are kept there.
The Guard, known as "beefeaters" still keep watch.
The Ceremony of the Key, that is centuries old takes place every night.
(перевод на казахский).
Пожалуйста помогите очень прошу the first successful flight of a plane was in 1903?
Пожалуйста помогите очень прошу the first successful flight of a plane was in 1903.
The flight was 37 meters and the plane was in the air for twelve seconds.
The pilots were Orville and wilbur wright.
In 1932, Amelia Earhart Was The First woman to fly across the Atlantic ocean alone She was in the air for fifteen hours in 1935 she was the first person to fly alone from Los angeles to Mexico city .
Exercise 3 Read the article.
First find the correct section.
Then answer the questions.
How long was the first plane flight?
Who were the pilots of the first flight?
How long was the first flight by a woman across the Atlantic?
When was the first solo flight from Los Angeles to Mexico City?
Помогите пожалуйста я не могу как ответить на вопросы the first successful flight of a plane was in 1903?
Помогите пожалуйста я не могу как ответить на вопросы the first successful flight of a plane was in 1903.
The flight was 37 meters and the plane was in the air for twelve seconds.
The pilots were Orville and wilbur wright.
In 1932, Amelia Earhart Was The First woman to fly across the Atlantic ocean alone She was in the air for fifteen hours in 1935 she was the first person to fly alone from Los angeles to Mexico city .
Exercise 3 Read the article.
First find the correct section.
Then answer the questions.
How long was the first plane flight?
Who were the pilots of the first flight?
How long was the first flight by a woman across the Atlantic?
When was the first solo flight from Los Angeles to Mexico City?
The first picture was или were taken in the kitchen?
The first picture was или were taken in the kitchen.
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Подземные железные дороги как вид городского транспорта появился во второй половине 19 века.
Первый метрополитен был предложен Карлом Пирсоном в 1843 году.
Двадцать лет спустя первая линия лондонского метро была открыта для движения.
Его длина составляла почти четыре мили.
В тот первый исторический день, 30, 000 лондонцы сделали первое подземное железнодорожное путешествие в мире.
В первые дни, поезда везут паровозы, которые сжигали уголь, заполняя туннели с дымом.
Он сказал, что Железнодорожный персонал и грузчики попросили разрешения отращивать бороды и усы – как ранняя форма смога маска.
Туннели метро были сделаны как можно меньше, в целях снижения затрат на строительство.
Тренеры сами были маленькими и узкими.
По словам Пирсона проекта, все линии были заложены близко к поверхности земли.
Глубокого туннелирования пришел позже, в 1890 году.
Строительство тоннеля через мили глины, песка и гравия является никакой легкой задачей, и это был Джеймс Генри Greathead, кто разработал метод, который сделал строительство тоннелей самые Лондоне возможно.
Один из самых длинных непрерывных туннелей в мире находится в 17½ - мильный тоннель на Северной линии.
Первый эскалатор был установлен в лондонском метро в 1911 году.
Во время Второй Мировой войны в лондонском метро служило укрытием для тысяч лондонцев.
Многие сокровища британского музея провели всю войну в туннелях метро.
Железные дороги были готовы к любой чрезвычайной ситуации, которые могут возникнуть.
У них было дублирующих систем управления, ремонт групп, дублировать Электропитание и так далее.
Чтобы минимизировать опасность затопления метро возле Темзы, изолирующие двери были построены в тоннелях.
Все поезда были оборудованы специальные сниженные освещения для использования на открытых участках трассы.
Сегодня Лондонский метрополитен является самым популярным средством городского транспорта.
Ее длина составляет около 300 км и 273 станций.