Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
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The Cardiac Output Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle forces into the aorta per minute of time.
It must be noted that this term refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is twice as much.
The reason that the output of the left ventricle, is considered so important that it is given this special name is that it supplies the entire body (except the lungs) with the blood.
Another reason is that it does a much greater amount of work than does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail.
The work that the ventricle does depends not only on the volume of blood but upon the pressure against which they must beat, and that pressure is about six times as great in the aorta as in pulmonary artery - about80 mmin the first and only about15 mmin the second.
Cardiac output is the product of two factors : heart rate (the number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (the volume expelled per beat).
The heart rate is normally controlled by balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics.
Thus, inhibition of the vagus centre speeds up to the heart.
And inhibition of the sympathetic centre would slow down the heart.
It seems that in the human most of the effect is achieved by inhibition of the vagal centre of the sympathetic region as well.
The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that is, the amount of blood which the left ventricle ejects per beat.
Within limits, the stroke volume depends upon the "venous return".
The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement ; after the venous return is increased - as it is in exercise - the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood.
The walls of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch readily, so that the heart rate is increased.
The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the following manner : 1) when muscles contract, they exert a "milking" effect on the blood vessels which they contain.
With each contraction, blood is squeezed out1 into the veins - it cannot be squeezed back into the arteries because the arterial pressure is so high - and with each relaxation the blood vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood ; 2) in exercise, breathing becomes deeper.
The heart lies within the thorax ; when the thorax expands, blood is "sucked2 into" the heart.
The two factors, working together, cause the amount of venous blood returned to be greatly increased.
First the right side of the heart, and within a few beats the left, are dilated and take bigger "bites" of blood.
Thus the stroke volume is increased.
Match the verbs on the left and the prepositions on the right to make phrases?
Match the verbs on the left and the prepositions on the right to make phrases.
Помогите, пожалуйста, перевести текст?
Помогите, пожалуйста, перевести текст.
There are several main systems of the body : the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.
The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which join them.
The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.
The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures.
The main function of this system is to move us about.
The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors.
It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing and communicating information.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood, which is pumped through the blood vessels by the heart.
Its function is mainly that of transportation system : the nutrients, oxygen, special substances which are required by cells are carried by the blood stream ; and the cellular wastes and sometimes other materials produced by the cells are carried away by the blood stream.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures.
Its main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs, where it can enter the blood stream and to remove carbon dioxide, which escapes from the blood into the lung spaces.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys which produce urine by removing nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood : the two ureters, which convey the urine away from the kidneys ; the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged ; and the urethra through which the urine is discharged.
7The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body, which produce regulatory substances called hormones.
The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.
Переведите пожалуйстаresearch work has given physiologists the possibility to find out that the heart muscle works or contracts about one third of the time of the person's life?
Переведите пожалуйстаresearch work has given physiologists the possibility to find out that the heart muscle works or contracts about one third of the time of the person's life.
The period of rest is shorter during greater physical exertion and longer when the body is at rest.
Prolonged research work of many physiologists has given the possibility to estimate the role of the ventricles which serve as the main pump.
The atria act as receiving chambers.
The contraction of the atria which sends the final portion of the blood into the ventricle is considerably less.
EXERCISE 3?
EXERCISE 3.
Поставьте предложения в вопросительную форму.
The heart circulates blood throughout the body.
The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse.
Each chamber is divided into upper and lower compartments.
The heart has stopped beating.
Death occurs in a few minutes.
Vessels returning blood to the heart are known as veins.
Read the stjry and underline the of lette the picture that does not fit?
Read the stjry and underline the of lette the picture that does not fit.
Как переводится?
Как переводится?
It was a sound that made Rip's heart beat wildly, for it was the terrible cry of the most cruel and cunning animal in the North - the wolf.
25 баллов ?
25 баллов !
Переведите текст Your heart is a wonderful organ thatworks during every minute of your life.
You can help it work long and well .
You can strengthen itprotect it from diasease by exercises and regular regimen.
Take your pulse and in such a way you can control the work of you heart.
Our pulse is about 70 beats per minute .
After heavy exercises the heart works faster and then the pulse will be faster too, perhaps 100 (one hundred ) beats.
After a minute or two the pulse will be normal again.
About 5 litres of blood fill our arteries veins and capillaries.
Arteries carry blood from the heart.
Veins carry blood to the heart.
Blood has red blood cells, white blood cells and plasma .
Today doctors can take blood pressure (B.
P. ) listen to the heart, take blood tests and take the cardiogram of a patient’s heart.
Перекладiть на українську, будь ласка?
Перекладiть на українську, будь ласка!
The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium.
The base of the heart is against the third rib.
The weight of the heart is about 300 grams (gr) in the male and about 220 gr in the female.
The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum.
Each of the chambers has two connected parts : the atrium and the ventricle.
The right atrium is larger than the left one, but the walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right one.
The right ventricle is triangular (треугольный) in form and has thick walls.
The ventricle is in the anterior part of the hear.
The muscular structure of the heart consists of fibrous bands.
The human heart contracts from the first moment of life until the last one.
The contractions of the heart pump the blood through the arteries to all the parts of the body.
The total weight of blood pumped by the heart daily is about ten tons.
In the adult the heart makes from 60 to 72 beats per minute.
In children the rate of heartbeat is much higher.
The rate of heartbeat increases depending on different emotions.
Physiologists found out that the muscle works or contracts about one third of the person's life.
The blood vessels or vascular system consists of three groups of vessels : arteries, veins and capillaries.
The nourishment from the digestive system, the oxygen from the lungs pass through the walls of capillaries into the body tissues.
The impurities from the tissues taken up by the capillaries are carried away in the blood.
The capillary system is a network all over the body.
When they joint a together, they get larger and become veins, The vessels carrying blood to and from the tissues of the body compose the general system.
They are called the systemic vessels.
The pulmonary system is formed by the vessels carrying blood to and from the lung.
The portal system is formed by the veins passing to the liver The arteries dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart.
Havroshechka did all the work about the house?
Havroshechka did all the work about the house.
She cleaned the house, made the beds and dusted the furniture.
The girl washed the clothes too.
Then Havroshechka cooked meal for the family and set the table.
The girl washed the dishes.
After that Havroshechka worked in the garden.
She looked after the cow.
The girl fed the cow and gave water to it.
She liked the cow very much.
(НУЖЕН ПЕРЕВОД).
Переведите, пожалуйста, At the practical Anatomy class we study the human body?
Переведите, пожалуйста, At the practical Anatomy class we study the human body.
The principle parts of the
human body are the head, the trunk and the limbs (extremities).
We speak of the upper
extremities (arms) and the lower extremities (legs).
The head consists of two parts : the skull which contains the brain, and the face
which consists of the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and
the chin.
In the mouth there are gums with teeth, the tongue and the palate.
The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.
The upper part of the trunk is the
chest and the lower one is the abdomen.
The principle organs in the chest are the
lungs, the heart and the gullet (esophagus).
We breathe with the lungs.
The heart
contracts and makes 60 - 80 beats per minute.
The principle organs in the abdominal cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen,
the intestine, the kidneys, the gall - bladder and the bladder.
The framework of the bones is called the skeleton ; it supports the soft parts and
protects the organs form injury.
The bones are covered with muscles.
The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder.
Each arm consists
of the upper arm, forearm, elbow, wrist and hand.
We have four fingers and a thumb
on each hand.
The lower extremity (the leg) consists.
На этой странице сайта, в категории Английский язык размещен ответ на вопрос Здраствуйте ?. По уровню сложности вопрос рассчитан на учащихся 10 - 11 классов. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию по интересующей теме, воспользуйтесь автоматическим поиском в этой же категории, чтобы ознакомиться с ответами на похожие вопросы. В верхней части страницы расположена кнопка, с помощью которой можно сформулировать новый вопрос, который наиболее полно отвечает критериям поиска. Удобный интерфейс позволяет обсудить интересующую тему с посетителями в комментариях.
Минутный сердечный выброс.
Минутный сердечный выброс это объем крови, который левый желудочек доставляет в аорту за минуту времени.
Следует отметить, что этот термин относиться только к левому желудочку и что общий объем крови в два раза больше.
Одной из причин того, что выбросу левому желудочку дано отдельное название, является то, что эта кровь поступает по всему организму (кроме легких).
Другая причина это то, что он делает гораздо больший объем работы чем правый желудочек и следовательно скорее может выйти из строя.
Работа, которую делает желудочек, зависит не только от объема крови, но и от давления, против которого они должны устоять, и это давление примерно в шесть раз больше в аорте и в легочной артерии - около 80 mmin в первой и около 15 mmin во второй.
Минутный сердечный выброс зависит от двух факторов : частота сердечных сокращений ( количество ударов в минуту) и объема инсульта ( объем выбрашенный за удар).
Частота сердечный сокращений обычно контролируется балансом импульсов блуждающего нерва и другими симпатическими нервами.
Таким образом замедление блуждающего нерва ускоряет серцебиение.
А замедление симпатического нерва замедляет серцебиение.
Кажется, что у человека больший эффект достигается за счет замедления блуждающего центра из симпанического региона.
Вторым фактором, влияющим на сердечный, является ударный объем, т.
Е. колиество крови, которое первый желудочек выбрасывает за удар.
Ударный объем зависит от "венозных возврат".
Нормальное сердце способно в значительной степени расширяться, после чего, венозный возврат увеличивается - как в упражнении - камеры сердца в состоянии достовлять дополнительную кровь.
Стены из правого предвердия и магистральных вен тонкие и тянутся легко, так что частота сердечных сокращений увеличивается.
Увеличение венозного возврата происходит в следующем порядке : 1) когда мышцы - контакт - влияют на кровеносные сосуды, которые они содержат.
С каждым сокращением кровь поступает в вены - она не может вернуться обратно, потому что артериальное давление слишком велико, и с каждой релаксацией кровеносных сосудов мыщцы, сново наполняются кровью.
2) в процессе выполнения упражнений - дыхание становится глубже.
Сердце находится в грудной клетке, когда грудная клетка расширяется, кровь "всасывается" в сердце.
Эти два фактора, работая вместе, заставляют количество венозной крови увеличеваться.
Таким образом ударный объем увеличивается.