Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Определите, является ли глагол "to have" смысловым или вспомогательным.
1. Informal rules have very little to do with the laws created by governments.
2. English law has developed through decisions in individual cases.
3. The system based on English Common law has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States.
4. When they were codifying their legal systems they looked to the examples of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France.
5. Versions of Roman law had long influenced manyj parts of Europe but had little impact on English law.
6. Many customs have existed since "time immemorial".
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Governments have many ways to be sure that citizens obey the law.
They explain to the public what the law is and try to provide social support for law and order.
They use people forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals.
They use courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others.
And they try to re - educate and reform people who have broken the law.
Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
The laws of all countries are in written records - the legal codes of countries, the statutes and case judgments of common law countries, etc.
Many people do not know where to find these records.
But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it.
Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws.
However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior.
In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn't know exactly which law it is.
1)What ways do goverments use to make citizens obey law?
2)What do goverments use police force for?
3)What do they use coutrs for?
4)What laws reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior?
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The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
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There have been, and will continue to be, different definitions of law.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 - 322 B.
C. ) saw law as a "pledge that citizens of a state will do justice to one another".
The Roman philosopher Cicero (106 - 43 B.
C. ) contended that law was the agreement of reason and nature, the distinction between the just and the unjust.
Law consists of enforcement rules governing relationship among individuals and between individuals and their society.
Law is one of the most necessary institutions.
No society could exits if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others.
Nor could a society exits if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations towards one another.
Law establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations.
Law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules, and it states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties.
In most societies, various government bodies, especially police agencies and courts, see that laws are obeyed.
Because a person can be penalized for disobeying law, most people agree that laws should be just.
With reference to its origin, law is derived from judicial precedents, from legislation or from custom.
With reference to is subject - mater, law is private or public.
Private law determines a person's legal rights and obligations in many kinds of activities that involve other people.
The great majority of lawyers and judges spend most of their time dealing with private - law matters.
More than 10 million cases are field in the United States courts each year.
These cases are called lawsuits or civil suits.
Private la can be divided into six major branches according to the kinds of legal rights and obligations involved.
These branches are :
Write passive sentences as in the example : Example : The French civil * law codes have influenced the legal systems of North African and Middle Eastern countries?
Write passive sentences as in the example : Example : The French civil * law codes have influenced the legal systems of North African and Middle Eastern countries.
* The legal systems of North African and Middle Eastern countries have been influenced by the French civil * law codes.
1. They have made the conclusion that it is necessary to develop strong legal institution.
2. Someone has stolen Mike’s bicycle.
3. Have you heard the news?
Somebody has shot the Prime Minister!
4. I am really shocked.
I have lost my job, my wife has left me and my friend has betrayed me.
5. The doctor has already examined the victim.
She has got a black eye and her leg was bleeding.
6. They have offered him a job at the Procurator’s Office.
7. The Parliament has passed the important law.
Ответить на вопросы по тексту THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN OUR COUNTRY Law is а system of rules established by the state?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN OUR COUNTRY Law is а system of rules established by the state.
The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.
The system of law in our country consists of different branches of law.
Constitutional law is a leading branch of the whole system of law.
Its principal source is the country’s Constitution.
It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.
Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of the government and ministries.
Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credits and other spheres of financial activity.
Civil law is connected with relations in the economic sphere of social life, with relations involving property, its distribution and exchange.
The right в property is the central institution of civil law.
The rules of labour law include the legislation on the labour of industrial and office workers and matters arising from labour relations.
Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals.
Criminal law takes the form of а criminal code consisting of а general and special part.
Ответьте на вопросы 1.
What is law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.
What is the main aim of law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.
What branches of law does the system of law in our country consist of?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.
What does each branch of law deal with?
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But in modern times most general customs i.
E. customs universally observed throughout the the realm)either do not exist or have become absorbed in rules of law.
For example many of early rules of the common law were general customs which the courts adopted, and they have become laws.
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The legal system in the United Kingdom (UK) The study of law distinguishes between public law and private law, but in legal practice in the UK the distinction between civil law and criminal law is more important to practising lawyers.
Public law relates to the state.
It is concerned with laws which govern processes in local and national government and conflicts between the individual and the state in areas such as immigration and social security.
Private law is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is, individuals and corporations, and includes family law, contract law and property law.
Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves punishment, for example murder and theft.
The state prosecutes the offender.
Civil law concerns relationships between, private persons, their rights, and their duties.
It is also concerned with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for compensation or an injunction – an order made by the court.
However, each field of law tends to overlap with others.
For example, a road accident case may lead to a criminal prosecution as well as a civil action for compensation.
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The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
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The Sources of English Law 1.
On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The ’’sources” of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main categories according to the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression “written” law signifies any law that is formally enacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression “unwritten” law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports, but as they are not formal enactments they are “unwritten” law.
2. Under the influence of the Code Napoleon many continental countries have codified their law, public and private.
On the Continent, therefore, the volume of written law is more than the volume of unwritten.
In England in accordance with the tradition writings of the laws had comparatively little respect in the past and for the most part have never been enacted.
So in England where more of the laws derive from judicial precedents, unwritten law is predominant.
This does not, of course, mean that none of English law is codified.
Many parts of it are codified : such as the law on the sale of goods (Sale of Goods Act 1979) and the law on partnership (Partnership Act 1890).
All that means that although Parliament may and does make any laws it pleases, there is no whole system of codification which prevails in many continental countries.
3. Two principal and two subsidiary sources of English law must be mentioned.
These principal sources are Legislation, and Judicial Precedent, the subsidiary sources are Custom and Books of Authority which carry a weight of authority almost equal to that of precedents.
Переведите предложение The common law systems of England, and later of the U?
Переведите предложение The common law systems of England, and later of the U.
S. , developed in a different manner.
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1. - СМЫСЛОВАЯ ФУНКЦИЯ
2.
- ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНАЯ
3.
ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНАЯ
4.
? 5. СМЫСЛОВАЯ
6.
ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНАЯ.