Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
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The Sources of English Law 1.
On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The ’’sources” of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main categories according to the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression “written” law signifies any law that is formally enacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression “unwritten” law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports, but as they are not formal enactments they are “unwritten” law.
2. Under the influence of the Code Napoleon many continental countries have codified their law, public and private.
On the Continent, therefore, the volume of written law is more than the volume of unwritten.
In England in accordance with the tradition writings of the laws had comparatively little respect in the past and for the most part have never been enacted.
So in England where more of the laws derive from judicial precedents, unwritten law is predominant.
This does not, of course, mean that none of English law is codified.
Many parts of it are codified : such as the law on the sale of goods (Sale of Goods Act 1979) and the law on partnership (Partnership Act 1890).
All that means that although Parliament may and does make any laws it pleases, there is no whole system of codification which prevails in many continental countries.
3. Two principal and two subsidiary sources of English law must be mentioned.
These principal sources are Legislation, and Judicial Precedent, the subsidiary sources are Custom and Books of Authority which carry a weight of authority almost equal to that of precedents.
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Governments have many ways to be sure that citizens obey the law.
They explain to the public what the law is and try to provide social support for law and order.
They use people forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals.
They use courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others.
And they try to re - educate and reform people who have broken the law.
Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
The laws of all countries are in written records - the legal codes of countries, the statutes and case judgments of common law countries, etc.
Many people do not know where to find these records.
But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it.
Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws.
However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior.
In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn't know exactly which law it is.
1)What ways do goverments use to make citizens obey law?
2)What do goverments use police force for?
3)What do they use coutrs for?
4)What laws reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior?
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The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
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Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The profession of a lawyer is one of the (important) in the law - governed state.
2. Lawyers’ salaries are (great) than those of many other professionals.
3. The (little) the evidence, the (difficult) to find a murderer.
4. In England the volume of unwritten law is (large) than the volume of written law.
5. There is a (great) difference between the world’s systems of law.
6. The interpretation of the Courts remains till either a (high) Court decides that this interpretation was wrong or Parliament passes another law.
7. One of the (early) codes – the Code of Hebrew law is contained in the Book of Exodus of the Bible.
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Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The profession of a lawyer is one of the (important) in the law - governed state.
2. Lawyers’ salaries are (great) than those of many other professionals.
3. The (little) the evidence, the (difficult) to find a murderer.
4. In England the volume of unwritten law is (large) than the volume of written law.
5. There is a (great) difference between the world’s systems of law.
6. The interpretation of the Courts remains till either a (high) Court decides that this interpretation was wrong or Parliament passes another law.
7. One of the (early) codes – the Code of Hebrew law is contained in the Book of Exodus of the Bible.
Ответить на вопросы по тексту THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN OUR COUNTRY Law is а system of rules established by the state?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN OUR COUNTRY Law is а system of rules established by the state.
The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.
The system of law in our country consists of different branches of law.
Constitutional law is a leading branch of the whole system of law.
Its principal source is the country’s Constitution.
It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.
Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of the government and ministries.
Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credits and other spheres of financial activity.
Civil law is connected with relations in the economic sphere of social life, with relations involving property, its distribution and exchange.
The right в property is the central institution of civil law.
The rules of labour law include the legislation on the labour of industrial and office workers and matters arising from labour relations.
Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals.
Criminal law takes the form of а criminal code consisting of а general and special part.
Ответьте на вопросы 1.
What is law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.
What is the main aim of law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.
What branches of law does the system of law in our country consist of?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.
What does each branch of law deal with?
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The legal system in the United Kingdom (UK) The study of law distinguishes between public law and private law, but in legal practice in the UK the distinction between civil law and criminal law is more important to practising lawyers.
Public law relates to the state.
It is concerned with laws which govern processes in local and national government and conflicts between the individual and the state in areas such as immigration and social security.
Private law is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is, individuals and corporations, and includes family law, contract law and property law.
Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves punishment, for example murder and theft.
The state prosecutes the offender.
Civil law concerns relationships between, private persons, their rights, and their duties.
It is also concerned with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for compensation or an injunction – an order made by the court.
However, each field of law tends to overlap with others.
For example, a road accident case may lead to a criminal prosecution as well as a civil action for compensation.
Rewrite the following sentences as in the example : Example : We live in the city which was founded more than 1, 500 years ago?
Rewrite the following sentences as in the example : Example : We live in the city which was founded more than 1, 500 years ago.
— We live in the city founded more than 1, 500 years ago.
1. Money bills which are concerned with taxation are always introduced by the Commons.
2. The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the USA which is known as the Bill of Rights were adopted in 1971.
3. There are 91 districts courts and special courts which all were established by the Congress of the USA.
4. English medieval law which is administered by courts reflected the «common» traditions and customs of the USA.
5. The common law is not based on the principle of deciding cases by reference to written statutes.
6. The civil law which is found in continental Europe can be contrasted to the common5law system.
7. The jury which is selected from local citizens applies the law to reach a verdict.
8. The interpretation of law which is made by appellate courts forms the precedents that govern future cases.
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The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
Exercise 1?
Exercise 1.
Before reading the text translate the sentences paying attention to the words and expressions in bold.
1. Neither the government nor any official is above the law.
We are all equal before the law.
2. They are studying law at the University.
3. If something isn’t done soon, farmers might take the law into their own hands.
4. The singer has filed a $100 million lawsuit against his record company.
5. Several traffic laws had been broken.
6. It is against the law to park on a double yellow line.
7. The local authority is prepared to prosecute them for breaking the law.
8. Local officials are reminding people to obey the law and not sell fireworks to children under 16.
9. The government recognized there were problems in urban areas but these could never be an excuse for lawless behaviour.
10. The money spent on prisons could be better spent on training first - time law - breakers to earn an honest living.
The Rule of Law The concept of the rule of law is the cornerstone of any democratic society and government?
The Rule of Law The concept of the rule of law is the cornerstone of any democratic society and government.
It is the law which is used to decide disputes.
The law is one of the means for controlling the conduct of businesses.
The basic role of law in business decisions is apparent.
It contains business in its decisions and its selection of alternative courses of action.
Certain conduct is illegal, and if individuals or businesses didn’t follow the rule of law and their conduct were declared a crime, they would be subject to sanctions, e.
G. , fines or imprisonment.
The sanctions will include liability for damages, if the conduct is tortuous (involving a wrongful act) or a breach of law.
Besides, the law and legal sanctions may be used to prevent certain conduct or to require that certain things be done.
If business decisions are not made within the law, sanctions will be imposed.
The law is the foundation for the regulation of all business conduct and decisions.
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1. На континенте трудах юридическое авторы являются важным источником права.
В Англии, в соответствии с традицией суды толкователей закона.
В ’источники” права являются источниками, к которым суды в свою очередь для того, чтобы определить, что это такое.
С точки зрения их источников, законов традиционно делятся на две основные категории в зависимости от формы, в которой они сделаны.
Они могут быть либо писаные или неписаные.
Эти традиционные термины вводят в заблуждение, потому что выражение “написано” закон означает любой закон, который будет официально принят, то ли в письменном виде или нет, и выражение “неписаный” закон означает все unenacted законы.
Например, судебные решения часто сводятся к написанию в виде закона докладов, но так как они не являются формальными актами они “неписаный” закон.
2. Под влиянием Кодекса Наполеона во многих континентальных странах, систематизировали их права, публичного и частного.
На континенте, поэтому объем написанного закона - это больше, чем объем неписаные.
В Англии в соответствии с традицией Писания законов было относительно мало уважения в прошлом и по большей части никогда не были приняты.
Так в Англии, где больше законов вытекают из судебных прецедентов, неписанный закон является преобладающим.
Это не, конечно, означает, что никто из английское право кодифицировано.
Многие части его закреплены : например, закон о продаже товаров (Закон о продаже товаров 1979 г.
) и закон о партнерстве (закон О партнерствах 1890).
Все это означает, что, хотя парламент может и не принять никаких законов, это радует, существует целая система кодификации, которая преобладает во многих континентальных странах.
3. Необходимо отметить две основные и две вспомогательные источники английского права.
Эти основные виды источников законодательство и судебный прецедент, вспомогательными источниками являются обычай и книги власти, которые несут вес власти почти столько же, прецеденты.