Английский язык | студенческий
Read the text attentively.
Think of its name.
Give your reasons for it in 7 – 10 sentences.
The earliest social welfare services in Britain were provided by various religious orders, augmented in medieval times by the manor houses and merchant and craft guilds, which assumed as part of their duties and responsibilities the care of the sick and the desti¬tute.
This practice fell into disuse with the decay of the feudal system and the dissolution of the monasteries.
By the end of the sixteenth century it had become imperative to find some substitute for the old system.
In 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act gave local government authorities in England and Wales the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless.
(A similar Act had been passed in Scotland in 1579.
) Local authorities also began to take some steps to control water supplies and to try to check epidemics.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries British medical services developed.
Medical science advanced and the number of qualified doctors greatly increased.
Hospitals were built with private endowments and subscriptions and were made increasingly available on a charitable basis to the general population, while free 'infirmaries' were provided under the Poor Law for the destitute, aged and infirm.
From the middle of the nineteenth century working people of modest means began increasingly to insure against periods of illness by subscribing to provident and friendly societies and sick clubs.
Many public - spirited medical practitioners would at that time remit all or most of their fees to the poor.
Read and think?
Read and think.
Match the child and the school subject in the puzzle.
Read the fable The Fox and the Crow and fill in the gaps?
Read the fable The Fox and the Crow and fill in the gaps.
Read again and conplete the spidergrams with the words from the text?
Read again and conplete the spidergrams with the words from the text.
Every day Rukodelnitsa made the beds, cleans the house and dusted the furniture?
Every day Rukodelnitsa made the beds, cleans the house and dusted the furniture.
She milked the cow and fed the hens.
Rukodelnitsa cooked tasty meal for her sister and her mother.
She set the table and all the family had a tasty dinner.
Rukodelnitsa washed the dishes.
And she worked in the garden.
Rukodelnitsa swept the paths and gathered apples and vegetables.
Перевести.
Read and complete the sentences with the words from the box?
Read and complete the sentences with the words from the box.
read and match the name with the people in the picture?
read and match the name with the people in the picture.
Read the definitions from the Longman WordWise Dictionary and find these words and expressions in the text?
Read the definitions from the Longman WordWise Dictionary and find these words and expressions in the text.
For the necessary derivatives from the words on the right and complete the sentences?
For the necessary derivatives from the words on the right and complete the sentences.
Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box?
Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box.
Номер 2.
: People in London in the mid - nineteenth century greatly feared cholera?
: People in London in the mid - nineteenth century greatly feared cholera.
At this time doctors.
(believe) that cholera .
(circulate) through the air, and .
(not realize) that all the time raw sewage .
(enter) water supply, and that the disease .
(spread) through the domestic water system.
Although in the 17th and 18th centuries London .
(possess) a water supply system and a sewage system which were the changing situation.
Broken water pipes and sewage pipes often .
(flow) into one another, and most sewage .
(end up) in the River Thames, which was the main source of drinking water for thousands.
Between 1831 and 1867 a series of severe outbreaks .
(occur).
In the outbreak of 1848 - 49, there were over 30000 cases of the disease in London, and 15000 people .
(die).
By the mid 1860s the situation .
(improve) mainly because by then engineers .
(work on) the construction of a completely new sewage system, which they .
(complete) in 1875, and which is still in use today.
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Самые ранние службы социального обеспечения в Великобритании были обеспечены различными религиозными орденами, дополненными в средневековые времена усадьбами и торговыми и ремесленными гильдиями, которые в рамках своих обязанностей и обязанностей принимали на себя заботу о больном и судьбе.
Эта практика впала в негодность с распадом феодальной системы и роспуском монастырей.
К концу шестнадцатого века было необходимо найти какую - то замену старой системе.
Таким образом, в 1601 году Закон о бедной помощи дал местным органам власти в Англии и Уэльсе обязанность предоставлять местное налогообложение больным, нуждающимся и бездомным.
(Аналогичный закон был принят в Шотландии в 1579 году.
) Местные власти также начали предпринимать некоторые шаги для контроля за водоснабжением и для проверки эпидемий.
В восемнадцатом и девятнадцатом веках развивались британские медицинские службы.
Медицина продвинулась вперед, и число квалифицированных врачей значительно увеличилось.
Больницы были построены с частными пожертвованиями и подписками и были все более доступны на благотворительной основе для населения в целом, а бесплатные «лазареты» были предоставлены в соответствии с Законом о бедных для обездоленных, пожилых и немощных.
С середины девятнадцатого века трудящиеся скромных средств стали все чаще застраховаться от болезней, подписавшись на благоразумные и дружелюбные общества и больничные клубы.
Многие общественные врачи в то время перечислили все или большую часть своих сборов бедным.