Английский язык | студенческий
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 times as long as iron rails.
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The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways ?
Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?
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Ответить на вопросы по тексту.
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The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
What elements does the permanent way consist of?
What is the origin of the term permanent way?
What is the difference between the modern railroad track and the track of the early days of railways?
What is the gauge and what gauge is used on the Russia railways ?
Why is the joint the weakest part of the track ?
What is the switch intended for?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту.
Даю 100 баллов!
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways ?
Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту.
Даю 100 баллов!
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the permanent way.
The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks on the permanent way, as it was called.
The permanent way consists of rails, ties and ballast.
The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had a life 15 (fifteen) times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard gauge in most countries is 1, 435 ( one thousand four hundred thirty five ) mm while in Russia the railroads have a gauge of 1, 524 (one thousand five hundred twenty four) mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 one thousand eight hundred forty two - 1851 one thousand eight hundred fifty one).
Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways.
In America the gauge was unified only in 1886 (one thousand eight hundred eighty six) .
The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks.
In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.
The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track.
The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main - line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.
The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.
The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure.
They rest upon a bed of crushed rock, or gravel, which is called ballast.
Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.
The history of railways is more than one century and a half.
During this period the track structure has been substantially improved.
One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints.
In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
These continuous or long welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.
Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers.
Thus in some countries , concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages.
Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood.
The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track.
It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.
What elements does the permanent way consist of?
What is the origin of the term permanent way?
What is the difference between the modern railroad track and the track of the early days of railways?
What is the gauge and what gauge is used on the Russia railways ?
Why is the joint the weakest part of the track ?
What is the switch intended for?
What does the weight of the rails laid in the track depend on?
Why are the heaviest rails laid on the main - line tracks?
How can we make wooden ties last longer?
Are the ties laid upon the earth ?
Why aren’t they ?
Перевод текста Steel sleepers : a component of modern trackModern track has to cope with the growing demands of rail traffic, in particular with the constant increase in the weight and speed of trains?
Перевод текста Steel sleepers : a component of modern track
Modern track has to cope with the growing demands of rail traffic, in particular with the constant increase in the weight and speed of trains.
Railways have therefore progressively adopted longwelded rails, whish lessen wear and tear of rolling stock and mean longer life for rails, because wear at rail ends is avoided and there are fewer bolt holes which may originate cracks.
Makers of steel sleepers claim their products have proved fully adaptable to the requirements of modem track white not losing anything of their traditional qualities.
They guarantee perfect solidarity “rail and sleeper on the one hand and sleepers and ballast on the other.
Rail sleeper solidarity depends on the system of fastening adopted.
This is perfectly achieved by the simplest and most robust means, that is by direct fastening with bolts, clips and washers.
The good anchorage of the sleeper in the ballast is an indispensable element in track stability.
The reversed trough shape of steel steeper ensures excellent resistance to longitudinal displacement.
The present shape of steel sleepers is the outcome of long experience.
Manufacturers also assert that as well as its excellent performance in the track, the steel sleeper has other essential advantages : homogeneity, strength, long life and simple fastening.
Owing to their homogeneity, individual replacement of defective sleepers is done away with.
The mechanical strength and resistance to biological agents of steel sleepers are particularly valued in desert and tropical regions Great variations between day and night temperature do not affect them.
Перевидите плиз The Man of Steel?
Перевидите плиз The Man of Steel.
Write about the life of Sequoia?
Write about the life of Sequoia.
Use the plan below.
Born(when, where, in what family)
Name(what the name meant and why he got it)
Cherokee alphabet(how long he worked on it and how big it was)
Changes in Sequoias life after the alphabet.
Changes in Cherokees life after the alphabet.
Pomogite how / don't / is / the / We / great / exactly / great / wall / know / long?
Pomogite how / don't / is / the / We / great / exactly / great / wall / know / long.
Make up as many true sentences as you can?
Make up as many true sentences as you can.
The play(is, was)a great success.
The cartoon(is, was)a great success.
The feature film(is, was)a great success.
The picture(is, was) a great success.
The documentary film(is, was) a great success.
Плиз помогите!
Подчеркните причастия IIThe track is one of the basic features of a railway?
Подчеркните причастия II
The track is one of the basic features of a railway.
It is also called the
permanent way.
In the early days of railroad building the workers first had
to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site.
And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks or the permanent
way, as it was called.
The railroad track of today is quite different from the track used in
the early days of railways.
The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were
made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite.
Then the wooden rails
were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden
ties or sleepers.
This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for
heavy steam trains.
The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great
importance to the railways for, when placed in the same track, steel rails had
a life 15 times as long as iron rails.
The distance between the rails is called the gauge.
The standard
gauge in most countries is 1, 435 mm while in Russia the railroads have a
gauge of 1, 524 mm.
That gauge was finally adopted when the first main - line
Moscow – St.
Petersburg railway was under construction (1842–1851).
Thus
Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted
for all railways.
In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.
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