Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Помогите пожалуйста составить 5 вопросов разного типа по тексту(желательно и ответы на них же) The term “engineering” is a modern one.
The New Marriam - Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word “engineering” as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles.
Nowadays the term “engineering” means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines.
But this word is now applied in a more extended sense.
It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used.
Engineering is divided is divided into many branches.
The most important of them are : civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine and sanitary engineering.
While definition “civil engineering” dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life.
It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome.
In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.
Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times.
The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.
First the word “civil engineering” was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non - military purpose from that of a military engineer.
And up about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military.
The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the construction of fortifications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.
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Помогите пожалуйста.
As the public service evolved with the other institutions of government in the United States, Critical decisions about design were made.
Many of those decisions reflected major political movements and trends.
Widespread patronage was linked to mass democracy and to populism, As was the strong reliance on simple common sense as the basic qualification for public jobs.
Politics more generally provided the justification for the incremental way in which merit and neutral competence replaced patronage.
The passage of the first civil service legislation?
The Pendleton Act?
Was not a rejection of the overt politicization of the federal service.
It was a classic political solution to the problems that patronage posed : merit would be introduced, But slowly, And through executive orders of the president, rather then trough legislative action.
Politics and merit became legally, and inextricably entwined.
As it has developed, the civil service system designed to cover 10 per cent of the existing workforce in 1883, expanded to cover most federal employees.
Because it expanded incrementally and generally at the will of the president, however , the civil service system or the merit system, as it is often called could grow only in competition with, and at the expense of, the political patronage system it was intended to correct.
From the beginning the relationship between the civil service on the one hand and elected officials and their appointees on the other was not a partnership.
But an association filed with wary antagonism.
It is not surprising then that the merit system was intended to create and protect has become a frequent target of political criticism.
At the same time, the role of the civil service and its power in government have grown larger.
The role of the civil service and the characteristics and skills of its personnel had to change to meet new demands.
The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 was intended to make the service, particularly ar the top level of management, more flexible, more responsive, and more productive.
The civil Servic Commission was abolished and new agencies were created to help with that task.
The civil sevice system remained burdened by thousands of pages of rules and regulations and did not work.
Additional reforms were undertaken ; training and development were reemphasized and compensation was made less standard.
Перевод текста?
Перевод текста.
Engineering is a very practical activity.
It is the process of applying the latest achievements of science and technology info practice.
There are a lot of branches in engineering.
Mechanical engineers are experts in the design and manufacture of tools and machines.
Mechanical engineering has marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating branches.
Electrical engineering deals with producing and applying electricity in various fields of national economy.
It has the following branches : electrical installation, electrical generation, lightning, etc.
Components and equipment for computing and communicating are the products of electronic engineering.
Civil engineering deals with constructing bridges, roads and airports.
Mechanics Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and their effect upon matter?
Mechanics Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and their effect upon matter.
Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict the acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic) of objects under known forces (also called loads) or stresses.
Subdisciplines of mechanics include • Statics, the study of non - moving bodies under known loads, how forces affect static bodies • Dynamics (or kinetics), the study of how forces affect moving bodies • Mechanics of materials, the study of how different materials deform under various types of stress • Fluid mechanics, the study of how fluids react to forces[24] • Kinematics, the study of the motion of bodies (objects) and systems (groups of objects), while ignoring the forces that cause the motion.
Kinematics is often used in the design and analysis of mechanisms.
• Continuum mechanics, a method of applying mechanics that assumes that objects are continuous (rather than discrete) Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in the design or analysis phases of engineering.
If the engineering project were the design of a vehicle, statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle, in order to evaluate where the stresses will be most intense.
Dynamics might be used when designing the car's engine, to evaluate the forces in the pistons and cams as the engine cycles.
Mechanics of materials might be used to choose appropriate materials for the frame and engine.
Fluid mechanics might be used to design a ventilation system for the vehicle (see HVAC), or to design the intake system for the engine.
Mechatronics and robotics Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and software engineering that is concerned with integrating electrical and mechanical engineering to create hybrid systems.
In this way, machines can be automated through the use of electric motors, servo - mechanisms, and other electrical systems in conjunction with special software.
A common example of a mechatronics system is a CD - ROM drive.
Mechanical systems open and close the drive, spin the CD and move the laser, while an optical system reads the data on the CD and converts it to bits.
Integrated software controls the process and communicates the contents of the CD to the computer.
Robotics is the application of mechatronics to create robots, which are often used in industry to perform tasks that are dangerous, unpleasant, or repetitive.
These robots may be of any shape and size, but all are preprogrammed and interact physically with the world.
To create a robot, an engineer typically employs kinematics (to determine the robot's range of motion) and mechanics (to determine the stresses within the robot).
Robots are used extensively in industrial engineering.
They allow businesses to save money on labor, perform tasks that are either too dangerous or too precise for humans to perform them economically, and to ensure better quality.
Many companies employ assembly lines of robots, especially in Automotive Industries and some factories are so robotized that they can run by themselves.
Outside the factory, robots have been employed in bomb disposal, space exploration, and many other fields.
Robots are also sold for various residential applications, from recreation to domestic applications.
Structural analysis Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail and to fix the objects and their performance.
Structural failures occur in two general modes : static failure, and fatigue failure.
Static structural failure occurs when, upon being loaded (having a force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed plastically, depending on the criterion for failure.
Fatigue failure occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles.
Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object : a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is large enough to cause ultimate failure.
Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however ; it is defined as when a part does not operate as intended.
Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот.
Подчеркните составные части оборота и укажите его вид.
Переведите предложение.
Описание Переведите текст, напишите 5 вопросов, раскрывающих основное содержание текста : Efficiency in Engineering Operation Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to solve problems which int?
Описание Переведите текст, напишите 5 вопросов, раскрывающих основное содержание текста : Efficiency in Engineering Operation Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to solve problems which interest him.
He must solve problems as they arise, his solution must satisfy conflicting require¬ments.
Efficiency costs money, safety adds complexity, performance increases weight.
The engineering solution is the optimum solution, taking into account many factors.
It may be the cheapest for a given performance, the most reliable for a given weight, the simplest for a given safe¬ty, or the most efficient for a given cost.
Engineering is optimizing.
To the engineer, efficiency means output divided by input.
His job is to secure a maximum output for a given input or to secure a given output with a minimum input.
The ratio may be expressed in terms of energy, materials, money, time or men.
Efficiency is achieved by using ef¬ficient methods, devices, and personnel organizations.
The need for efficiency leads to the large, complex operations which are characteristic of engineering.
The processing of the new antibiotics in the test - tube stage belongs in the field of biochemistry.
But when great quan¬tities must be produced at low cost, it becomes an engi¬neering problem.
It is the need for efficiency and economy that differentiates ceramic engineering from the work of the potter, textile engineering from weaving, and agricultural engineering from farming.
Since output is input minus losses, the engineer must keep losses and waste to a minimum.
One way is to de¬velop uses for products which otherwise would be waste.
Losses due to friction occur in every machine and in every organization.
Efficient functioning depends on good design, careful attention to operating difficulties, and lubrication.
The raw materials with which engineers work seldom are found in useful forms.
Engineering of the highest type is required to conceive, design and achieve the conversion of the energy of a mountain stream into the powerful torque of an electric motor.
Similarly, many engineering operations are required to change the sands of the seashore into the precise lenses which enable us to observe the microscopic amoeba in a drop of water.
In a certain sense, the successful engineer is a person always trying to change things for the better.
Перевод Mechatronics Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, Electronic Engineering, and software engineering?
Перевод Mechatronics Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, Electronic Engineering, and software engineering.
The purpose of this interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of au - tomation from an engineering perspective and serves the purposes of controlling advanced hybrid systems.
Nanotechnology At the smallest scales, mechanical engineering becomes nanotechnology —one speculative goal of which is to create a molecular assembler to build molecules and materials via mechanosynthesis.
For now that goal remains within exploratory engineering.
Areas of current mechanical engineering re - search in nanotechnology include nanofilters, nanofilms, and nanostructures, among others.
Finite element analysis This field is not new, as the basis of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) dates back to 1941.
But evolution of computers has made FEA / FEM a viable option for anal - ysis of structural problems.
Many commercial codes such as ANSYS, Nastran and ABAQUS are widely used in industry for research and design of components.
Calculix is an open source and free finite element program.
Some 3D modeling and CAD software packages have added FEA modules.
Other techniques such as finite difference method (FDM) and finite - volume method (FVM) are employed to solve problems relating heat and mass transfer, fluid flows, fluid surface interaction etc.
Biomechanics Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to biological systems, such as humans, animals, plants, organs, and cells.
[32] Biomechanics also aids in creating prosthetic limbs and artificial organs for humans.
Biomechanics is closely related to engineering, because it often uses traditional engineering sci - ences to analyse biological systems.
Some simple applications of Newtonian mechan - ics and / or materials sciences can supply correct approximations to the mechanics of many biological systems.
Computational fluid dynamics Computational fluid dynamics, usually abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows.
Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids and gases with sur - faces defined by boundary conditions.
With high - speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved.
Ongoing research yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simula - tion scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows.
Initial validation of such software is performed using a wind tunnel with the final validation coming in full - scale testing, e.
G. flight tests.
Acoustical engineering Acoustical engineering is one of many other sub disciplines of mechanical engineering and is the ap - plication of acoustics.
Acoustical engineering is the study of Sound and Vibration.
These engineers work effectively to reduce noise pollution in mechanical devices and in buildings by soundproofing or removing sources of unwanted noise.
The study of acoustics can range from designing a more effi - cient hearing aid, microphone, headphone, or recording studio to enhancing the sound quality of an orchestra hall.
Acoustical engineering also deals with the vibration of different mechanical systems.
Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with the optimization of com - plex processes or systems.
It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, ma - terials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes.
Its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business - oriented disciplines such as operations management.
Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as, or overlap with, operations management, management science, operations research, systems engineer - ing, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics or human factors engineering, safety engineering, or others, depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user.
For example, in health care, the engineers known as health management engineers or health systems engineers are, in essence, industrial engi - neers by another name.
Нужен перевод текста THE FUTURE OF THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread?
Нужен перевод текста THE FUTURE OF THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread.
The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization.
Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with.
Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction.
Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles.
Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiently by workers.
A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production.
This type of engineering work is called time - study engineering.
A related field of engineering, human - factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, received wide attention in the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nuclear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures, and malfunctioning equipment.
Read the text and complete the gaps with the correct word?
Read the text and complete the gaps with the correct word.
Пожалуйста помогите!
II. Read the text and make it complete with the help of derivatives from the words written on the right?
II. Read the text and make it complete with the help of derivatives from the words written on the right.
1 Although the term “human rights”, “civil rights”, and “civil liberties” are often used interchangeably, there are * * * s in emphasis.
DIFFER 2 The term “human rights” is used * * * in international law to mean the right to which all MOST 3 human * * * s are entitled.
BE 4 These are often divided into civil and * * * rights (such as the right to free speech and the right to vote) POLITICS 5 which * * * s should not restrict, GOVERN 6 and * * * , social ECONOM Y 7 and * * * rights ( such as the right to health care CUTURE 8 and * * * ) which governments should strive to provide.
EDUCATE 9 “Civil rights” and “civil liberties” are * * * s used more often EXPRESS 1 0 to describe * * * s protected by the laws of a particular country.
FREE.
Переведите текст :This field of engineering has as its object the prevention of accidents?
Переведите текст :
This field of engineering has as its object the prevention of accidents.
In recent years safety engineering has become a speciality adopted by individuals trained in other branches of engineering.
Safety engineers develop methods and procedures to safeguard workers in hazardous occupations.
They also assist in designing machinery, factories, ships and roads, suggesting alterations and improvements to reduce the possibility of accident.
In the design of machinery, for example, the safety engineer try to cover all moving parts or keep them from accidental contact with the operator, to put cutoff switches within reach of the operator and to eliminate dangerous sharp parts.
In designing roads the safety engineer seeks to avoid such hazards as sharp turns and blind intersections that lead to traffic accidents.
Переведите, пожалуйста, At the practical Anatomy class we study the human body?
Переведите, пожалуйста, At the practical Anatomy class we study the human body.
The principle parts of the
human body are the head, the trunk and the limbs (extremities).
We speak of the upper
extremities (arms) and the lower extremities (legs).
The head consists of two parts : the skull which contains the brain, and the face
which consists of the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and
the chin.
In the mouth there are gums with teeth, the tongue and the palate.
The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.
The upper part of the trunk is the
chest and the lower one is the abdomen.
The principle organs in the chest are the
lungs, the heart and the gullet (esophagus).
We breathe with the lungs.
The heart
contracts and makes 60 - 80 beats per minute.
The principle organs in the abdominal cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen,
the intestine, the kidneys, the gall - bladder and the bladder.
The framework of the bones is called the skeleton ; it supports the soft parts and
protects the organs form injury.
The bones are covered with muscles.
The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder.
Each arm consists
of the upper arm, forearm, elbow, wrist and hand.
We have four fingers and a thumb
on each hand.
The lower extremity (the leg) consists.
На странице вопроса Помогите пожалуйста составить 5 вопросов разного типа по тексту(желательно и ответы на них же) The term “engineering” is a modern one? из категории Английский язык вы найдете ответ для уровня учащихся 10 - 11 классов. Если полученный ответ не устраивает и нужно расшить круг поиска, используйте удобную поисковую систему сайта. Можно также ознакомиться с похожими вопросами и ответами других пользователей в этой же категории или создать новый вопрос. Возможно, вам будет полезной информация, оставленная пользователями в комментариях, где можно обсудить тему с помощью обратной связи.
1. Общий.
Does the New Marriam - Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word “engineering” as the practical application of scientific and mathematical
principles?
Ответ : The New Marriam - Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word
“engineering” as the practical application of scientific and mathematical
principles.
2) Разделительный.
It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical
appliances are used, isn't it?
Ответ : Yes, it is.
3) Альтернативный
Did it start or finish developing with the rise of ancient Rome?
Ответ : It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome.
Специальный к подлежащему
Who had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the
conflict with nature?
Ответ : The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.
Специальный :
How many main branches of engineering were there up about the middle of the 18th century?
Ответ : And up about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military.