Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Как нужно читать этот текст по - русски.
It has already been explained that an ester is the product formed by the reversible reaction between an acid and alcohol.
If an acid and an alcohol are mixed, a condition of equilibrium will eventually be set up when the rates of the direct reaction (etherification) and the reverse reaction (hydrolysis) are equal.
It follows from the law of mass action that an increase in the molecular concentration of anyone of the reacting substances will displace the equilibrium in the opposite direction.
Any excess of water will diminish the proportion of ester present at equilibrium.
Consequently, in the preparation of esters, it is necessary as a rule to use the anhydrous acid and alcohol in order to obtain good yields, and the reaction is usually carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid or dry hydrogen chloride).
An ester may be almost completely hydrolyzed if it is heated with water, provided that a large enough proportion of water is used.
The hydrolysis is usually slow, but is catalyzed by acids.
It becomes complete if a dilute solution of an alkali is used instead of water, for the acid produced by hydrolysis is neutralized by the alkali as fast as it is formed, and so can take no further part in the reaction.
Most esters of organic acids are pleasant - smelling, volatile liquids and many of them are used in perfumery and in the production of artificial flavoring agents.
Ethyl acetate is a typical example of an ester of an organic acid.
It is formed when acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride acts on ethyl alcohol.
Ethyl acetate is prepared by the interaction of alcohol and glacial acid, in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid.
Как читается по английскому языку : One of the most famous wonders of nature is Niagara Falls?
Как читается по английскому языку : One of the most famous wonders of nature is Niagara Falls.
The waterfalls are situated on the border between Canada and the USA.
The native people called it Niagara which means " Great Thunderer of Waters".
The noise from the fall can be heard from far away.
It' s hard to believe that water can create such a wonder.
Niagara Falls are the most powerful waterfalls in North America and the second most powerful in the world.
It' s not the height that makes Niagara Falls wonderful and exciting, but the great quantity of water.
The government (has been talking / was talking) about the problem and it is trying to find ways to reduce acid rain?
The government (has been talking / was talking) about the problem and it is trying to find ways to reduce acid rain.
Какая форма правильней?
Объясните пожалуйста.
Помогите сокротить текст, пожалуйста?
Помогите сокротить текст, пожалуйста.
Срочно надо.
Просто сокротить текст.
Cars burn petrol, factories and power station burn coal and emit toxis fumes, the air that we breather becomes polluted.
This pollution is gathered in clods and with the oxygen and water in the atmosphere it becomes acid.
When it rains, this pollution lands on trees, houses, buildings, cars, clothes, everywhere!
This is called acid rain.
When acid rain falls into laks, streams, rivers and seas, they become toxic.
This is water pollution and it harms, kills or wipes out fish and plant species.
When acid rain flows through the sil, it poisons trees and plants.
Acid rain also causes serious damage to important building and objects.
The good news is that governments have been trying to reduce the air pollution that causes acid rain.
. Прочтите текст "Acid Rains " и выберите единственно правильный ответ?
. Прочтите текст "Acid Rains " и выберите единственно правильный ответ.
ACID RAINS
Every year more and more plants and animals disappear never to be seen
again.
Strangely, it is the most intelligent but most thoughtless animal that is
causing most of the problems — man.
Nature is very carefully balanced and if
this balance is disturbed, animals can disappear alarmingly fast.
Every day,
thousands of species of animals draw closer to extinction.
There are countless
number of species which may become extinct before they are even discovered.
In many lakes the fish are dying.
Fishermen are worried because every year there
are fewer fish and some lakes have no fish at all.
Scientists are beginning to get
worried too.
What is killing the fish?
The problem is acid rain.
Acid rain is a kind of air pollution.
It is caused by
factories that burn coal or oil or gas.
These factories send smoke high into the
air.
The wind often carries the smoke far from the factories.
Some of the
harmful substances in the smoke may come down with the rain hundreds of
miles away.
The rain in many places isn't natural and clean any more.
It's full of acid
chemicals.
When it falls in lakes, it changes them too.
The lakes become more
acidic.
Acid water is like vinegar or lemon juice.
It hurts when it gets in your
eyes.
It also kills the plants and animals that usually live in lake water.
That is
why the fish are dying in lakes.
But dead fish may be just the beginning of the problem.
Scientists are finding
other effects of acid rain.
In some large areas trees are dying.
Not just one tree
here and there, but whole forests.
At first scientists couldn't understand why.
There were no bugs or diseases in these trees.
The weather was not dry.
But
now they think that the rain was the cause.
Acid rain is making the earth more
acidic in these areas.
Some kinds of trees cannot live in the soil that is very
acidic.
Now scientists are also beginning to study the effects of acid rain on larger
animals.
For example, they believe that some deer in Poland are less healthy
because of acid rain.
If deer are hurt by the rain, what about people?
This is the
question many people are beginning to ask.
No one knows the answer yet.
But
it is an important question for us all.
Вопросы к тексту :
1.
This passage is about
(A) fishing.
(B) acid rain.
(C) air pollution.
(D) destructive human activity.
2. Every year thousands of species of animals
(A) are hunted for their meat and skins.
(B) migrate to other places.
(C) starve to death.
(D) die out.
3. Acid rain is caused by
(A) natural gas.
(B) the ozone layer depletion.
(C) acidic lake water.
(D) emissions of industrial enterprises.
4. Which of the following is true?
(A) Dead fish in lakes is the only problem caused by acid rains.
(B) Scientists are sure that acid rains are not harmful for mankind.
(C) If we don't make an attempt to stop acid rains we may never see
some animals again.
(D) There's no reason to worry about several trees that died of some
unknown disease.
5. What was not mentioned in the text?
(A) Acid rain is capable of dissolving some rocks and stones.
(B) Fish are unable to live in the water containing acidic chemicals.
(C) Coal, oil or gas form dangerous combinations after being burnt.
(D) Scientists reckon that if some larger animals can be affected by acid rains,
people may be in great danger.
6. Factory smoke
(A) stays over the factories.
(B) is usually clean now.
(C) turns into air.
(D) can travel hundreds of miles.
7. Scientists think acid rain
(A) is killing people.
(B) helps kill bugs.
(C) fertilizes the soil.
(D) is killing trees.
Match the news with the reaction to it?
Match the news with the reaction to it.
Global warming is called (to call) the greenhouse effect because the gases above the earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse?
Global warming is called (to call) the greenhouse effect because the gases above the earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse.
2) The term «acid rain» refers to what scientists call «acid deposition».
It (to cause) by destructive airborne acidic pollutants.
3) Acid rain (to discover) in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term.
4) Recently, a more intensive research on the true causes of acid rain (to do) so that countries have the information they need to prevent acid rain and its dangerous effects.
5) Air pollution can (to find) both outdoors and indoors.
6) Every year, 14 billion pounds of sewage, sludge, and garbage (to dump) into the world’s oceans.
Пожалуста помогите?
Пожалуста помогите.
Переведите на русский.
The seasons in Russia.
Winter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year.
December, January and February are winter months.
The weather is cold.
Usually it snows.
The days are short and the nights are long.
You can see snow everywhere.
The rivers and lakes freeze and we can go skating and skiing.
Помогите пожалуйста с переводом текста на русский - язык?
Помогите пожалуйста с переводом текста на русский - язык.
Today environmental protection has become a universal problem.
Technological progress improves people's lives, but at the same time it brings about pollution and contamination of land, water and air.
The atmosphere of the Earth and the depths of the oceans are poisoned with toxic wastes created by the humans.
Millions of species - animals, birds, fish have already disappeared from our planet.
Natural resources are exhausted : the ecology of the planet is disbalanced.
Big cities face the environmental catastrophe too.
Concentration of millions of people on a tiny area causes numerous problems.
Some of them can be solved only at the expense of creating new ones.
Thus, air pollution is caused by the ever - increasing number of automobiles that help to cope with the transportation problem.
The need for energy generates pollution on a large scale.
Nuclear power plants threaten air, water and land.
Radiation affects people's health.
The accident at Chernobyl in 1986 was tragic for many people.
The necessity to employ all the inhabitants of the city leads to the creation of new factories that produce not only consumer goods, but wastes, noise and smog.
Another source of global danger is acid rain.
It is a relatively new kind of pollution.
Acid rains appeared as a reaction of the atmosphere to the air contamination.
Acid rains damage water, forest, and soil resources.
Acid rains cause the disappearance offish from many lakes, bring death to the forests and woods in Europe and America.
ПОМОГИТЕ?
ПОМОГИТЕ!
Use the verbs from the right - hand column it the necessary grammar torms and complete the text.
Помогите с переводом пожалуйста The main parts ofthe human body are the head, the trunk, the upper and the lower extremities or limbs?
Помогите с переводом пожалуйста The main parts ofthe human body are the head, the trunk, the upper and the lower extremities or limbs.
The head is connected with the trunk with the neck.
The head is formed by the back part, the crown and the face.
The upper part of the face is formed by the forehead and the temples.
Below there are the eyes, the nose, the cheeks, the mouth and the chin.
On both sides of the head there are the ears.
The eye is composed of the eyeball and the pupil.
The eyebrows, lashes and the lids protect theeyes.
The oral cavity contains the teeth which are set in the gums, the tongue, the hard and the soft palate, the tonsils and the throat.
The margins of the mouth are the lips.
The jaws form the framework of the mouth.
[ рис 3 ] The organs of senses are the eyes, the ears, the nose, the skin and the tongue.
We see with our eyes.
We hear with our ears.
We smell with our nose.
We taste with our tongue.
We touch with our skin.
The parts of the trunk are the breast, the waist, the abdomen, the back, the buttocks and the genitals.
In the thoracic cavity there are the respiratory, the circulatory and the digestive organs.
The main organs ofrespiration are the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, the lungs and the diaphragm.
We breath with our lungs.
The circulatory system comprises the heart and the blood vessels - the arteries, the veins and the capillaries.
The heart pumps blood to various parts of the body.
The organs of digestion are contained in the oral cavity, in the thoracic cavity and in the abdominal cavity.
Digestion begins in the mouth.
From the mouth food passes in to the esophagus which is in the thoracic cavity.
Through the esophagus food passes into the stomach and the intestines where it is further digested.
The liver, spleen and the gallbladder also take part in the process of digestion.
The main excretory organs are the kidneys, the ureters, the urethra and the urinary bladder.
The organs of excretion excrete waste products.
The body is coveredwith the skin.
The back and the top of the head are covered with hair.
At the finger - tips there are the nails.
The nervous systemconsists of nerves, the brain and the medulla.
The osseous system consists of bones which support the body.
Their places of articulation are called the joints.
The muscular system consists of muscles which contract and move the limbs.
The main bones which form the skeleton are the skull, the vertebral column which consists of vertebrae, the ribs, the scapulae, the clavicles and the sternum which form the thoracic cavity, and the pelvic bones.
The humerus, the ulna, the radius are the bones which form the upper limbs.
The femur, the tibia and the fibula are bones which form the lower extremities.
The main glands ofthe human body are the secretory glands, such as the thyroid, the pancreas, the suprarenal and the salivary glands.
The excretory glands are the sweat glands, the adipose glands and the lacrimal glands.
The arm is formed by the shoulder, the upper arm, the elbow and the forearm.
The hand consists of the wrist, the palm, the fingers and the thumb.
The leg is formed by the hip, the thigh, the knee, the shank, the calf, the ankle.
The foot consists of the heel, the sole and the toes.
The substance which forms the human body consists of cells, fibers and tissues.
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Он уже объяснил, что эфир - это продукт образуется по обратимой реакции между кислотой и спиртом.
Если кислота и спирт смешиваются, условие равновесия в конечном итоге будет создана, когда ставки в прямой реакции (этерификация) и обратной реакции (гидролиз) равны.
Это следует из закона действия масс, увеличение молярной концентрации любого из реагирующих веществ смещает равновесие в обратном направлении.
Любой избыток воды будет уменьшаться доля эфиров присутствует в равновесии.
Следовательно, в подготовке эфиров, следует как правило использовать безводные кислоты и спирта, чтобы получить хорошие урожаи, и реакцию обычно проводят в присутствии кислотного катализатора (серная кислота или сухой хлористый водород).
Эстер может быть практически полностью гидролизуется при нагревании с водой, при условии, что используется достаточно большая доля воды.
Гидролиз обычно медленно, но катализируется кислотами.
Это становится полным, если раствор щелочи будет использоваться вместо воды, для кислоты, образующейся при гидролизе нейтрализуется щелочью так же быстро, как она образуется, и поэтому может принимать дальнейшего участия в реакции.
Большинство сложных эфиров органических кислот с приятным запахом, летучие жидкости и многие из них используются в парфюмерии и в производстве искусственных ароматизаторов.
Этилацетат является типичным примером сложного эфира органической кислоты.
Она образуется, когда хлорангидрида или ангидрида уксусной кислоты действует на этиловый спирт.
Этилацетат получают путем взаимодействия спирта и ледяной кислотой в присутствии концентрированной серной кислоты.