Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию there is / are : 1.
There are not any flights for London today.
2. There'll be a conference in Paris next year.
3. There are many branches of Law - criminal Law, civil Law, international Law, parliamentary Law and others.
You decide cases in a court law?
You decide cases in a court law.
You are.
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Governments have many ways to be sure that citizens obey the law.
They explain to the public what the law is and try to provide social support for law and order.
They use people forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals.
They use courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others.
And they try to re - educate and reform people who have broken the law.
Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
The laws of all countries are in written records - the legal codes of countries, the statutes and case judgments of common law countries, etc.
Many people do not know where to find these records.
But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it.
Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws.
However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior.
In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn't know exactly which law it is.
1)What ways do goverments use to make citizens obey law?
2)What do goverments use police force for?
3)What do they use coutrs for?
4)What laws reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior?
VIII?
VIII.
Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках : 1.
In criminal law the state .
(to start) a criminal action.
2. There .
(to be) disagreements between individuals and their property.
3. Criminal law .
(to regulate) relations between citizens and the state.
4. In civil law an individual .
(to start) a civil action.
5. The other party in both cases .
(to be) the defendant.
Заранее спасибо))).
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The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
Ответить на вопросы по тексту THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN OUR COUNTRY Law is а system of rules established by the state?
Ответить на вопросы по тексту THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN OUR COUNTRY Law is а system of rules established by the state.
The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.
The system of law in our country consists of different branches of law.
Constitutional law is a leading branch of the whole system of law.
Its principal source is the country’s Constitution.
It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.
Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of the government and ministries.
Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credits and other spheres of financial activity.
Civil law is connected with relations in the economic sphere of social life, with relations involving property, its distribution and exchange.
The right в property is the central institution of civil law.
The rules of labour law include the legislation on the labour of industrial and office workers and matters arising from labour relations.
Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals.
Criminal law takes the form of а criminal code consisting of а general and special part.
Ответьте на вопросы 1.
What is law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.
What is the main aim of law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.
What branches of law does the system of law in our country consist of?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.
What does each branch of law deal with?
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The legal system in the United Kingdom (UK) The study of law distinguishes between public law and private law, but in legal practice in the UK the distinction between civil law and criminal law is more important to practising lawyers.
Public law relates to the state.
It is concerned with laws which govern processes in local and national government and conflicts between the individual and the state in areas such as immigration and social security.
Private law is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is, individuals and corporations, and includes family law, contract law and property law.
Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves punishment, for example murder and theft.
The state prosecutes the offender.
Civil law concerns relationships between, private persons, their rights, and their duties.
It is also concerned with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for compensation or an injunction – an order made by the court.
However, each field of law tends to overlap with others.
For example, a road accident case may lead to a criminal prosecution as well as a civil action for compensation.
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The Sources of English Law On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an Important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The "sources" of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to |determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are, traditionally divided into two main categories according to" the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally acted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression - “unwritten" law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports but as they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
Переведите текст PROPERTY LAW : The Issue of Rights Law may be broken into Criminal Law and Civil Law?
Переведите текст PROPERTY LAW : The Issue of Rights Law may be broken into Criminal Law and Civil Law.
Civil Law may be broken into Property Law, Contract Law and Tort Law.
Each of these three may be broken into law and equity components.
But it is Property Law which brings a need for the other many types of Civil Law.
It is the right of private property ownership ("mine, not yours") which gives the need for Property Law.
If there is no right to private property, then the king owns everything and punishes any who violates the laws he makes to protect what is his.
Well, if two of the actions in trespass were based upon injury to property or to property rights, a law of property would be required so that we could determine who owned what, or had what rights in what property.
If you damage my property, we need Tort Law, if I want to sell the land to you we need Contract Law ; if I want you to get my property when I die, we need Inheritance Law ; if I want to pay by check, we need Negotiable Instruments Law ; if we want to be merchants or manufacturers of products, we need Merchant Law ; we need remedies and procedure to make law work for us when someone breaches the law.
Thus Property Law asks : What are the respective rights : ownership - possession - use, present or future, contingent or certain, etc.
Of competing parties (that is, whose rights are the higher)?
Is the proof sufficient to tip the scales?
What needs to be done to uphold, or protect the rights?
Because of the importance attached to ownership of property and the means of production as well as the right to peaceable enjoyment, damages did not need to be shown to bring and win a case in Property Law.
The earliest cases were all strictliability : volitionally do an act and you are liable without regards to the state of your mind.
However, the state of your mind might effect the damage question.
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The Sources of English Law 1.
On the Continent the writings of legal authors form an important source of law.
In England, in accordance with the tradition the courts are the interpreters of the law.
The ’’sources” of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to determine what it is.
From the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main categories according to the form in which they are made.
They may either be written or unwritten.
These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression “written” law signifies any law that is formally enacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression “unwritten” law signifies all unenacted laws.
For example, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports, but as they are not formal enactments they are “unwritten” law.
2. Under the influence of the Code Napoleon many continental countries have codified their law, public and private.
On the Continent, therefore, the volume of written law is more than the volume of unwritten.
In England in accordance with the tradition writings of the laws had comparatively little respect in the past and for the most part have never been enacted.
So in England where more of the laws derive from judicial precedents, unwritten law is predominant.
This does not, of course, mean that none of English law is codified.
Many parts of it are codified : such as the law on the sale of goods (Sale of Goods Act 1979) and the law on partnership (Partnership Act 1890).
All that means that although Parliament may and does make any laws it pleases, there is no whole system of codification which prevails in many continental countries.
3. Two principal and two subsidiary sources of English law must be mentioned.
These principal sources are Legislation, and Judicial Precedent, the subsidiary sources are Custom and Books of Authority which carry a weight of authority almost equal to that of precedents.
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THE ISSUE OF RIGHTS Law may be broken into Criminal Law and Civil Law.
Civil Law may be broken into Property Law, Contract Law and Tort Law.
Each of these three may be broken into law and equity components.
But it is Property Law which brings a need for the other many types of Civil Law.
It is the right of private property ownership which gives the need for Property Law.
If there is no right to private property, then the king owns everything and punishes any who violates the laws he makes to protect what is his.
Well, if two of the actions in trespass were based upon injury to property rights, a law of property would be required so that we could determine who owned what, or had what rights in what property.
If you damage my property, we need Tort law ; if I want to sell the land to you we need Contract Law ; if I want you to get my property when I die, we need Inheritance Law, if I want to pay by check, we need Negotiable Instruments Law ; if we want to be merchants or manufacturers of products, we need Merchant Law ; we need remedies and procedure to make law work for us when someone breaches the law.
Thus Property Law asks : What are the respective rights : ownership – possession – use, present or future, contingent or certain, etc.
Of competing parties?
Is the proof sufficient to tip the scales?
What needs to be done to uphold, or protect the rights?
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1. Сегодня нет рейсов в Лондон.
2. В следующем году будет конференция в Париж.
3. Есть несколько видов права : уголовное право, цивильное право, международное право, порламентское право.