Английский язык | 1 - 4 классы
The money market comprises the demand for money and the money supply.
The equilibrium in the money market is such a state of balance when the demand for money from households and businesses is satisfied by the quantity of the money supplied.
The equilibrium in the money market is reached by changing bond prices.
People can hold their wealth in various forms — money, bonds, equities, and property.
For simplicity we assume that there are only two assets : money, the medium of exchange that pays no interest, and bonds, which we use to stand for all other interest - bearing assets that are not directly a means of payment.
As people earn income, they ad to their wealth.
As they spend, they de - plete their wealth.
How should people divide their wealth at any instant be - tween money and bonds to gain the best profits possible and not to incur losses?
There is an obvious cost of holding money.
The opportunity cost of holding money is the interest one would have gained if he (she) had held bonds.
It naturally follows that people will hold money rather than bonds only if there is a benefit to offset this cost, only if holding money is more profitable than holding bonds.
It may happen only when interest rates on bonds are too low to make it profitable to hold bonds.
Suppose the money market is in equilibrium when the interest rate on interest - bearing assets (e.
G. Treasury bills and other securities) is 6% and the amount of money demanded is $200 mm.
Now suppose the interest rate goes down, say, to 4%.
In this case interest - bearing assets are no longer profitable as they can't earn a sufficient return.
Hence the demand for money will rise and will lead to a temporary lack of money in the money market.
If they lack money, households and businesses are likely to sell bonds they possess for cash.
That will cause an increase in the bond supply, which lowers bond prices and rises interest rates on interest - bearing assets.
With a higher interest rate the amount of money people are willing to have in hand will decrease again.
Con - sequently, the money supply will adjust to a current demand to reflect a new higher interest rate.
Conversely, the increase in the money supply creates its temporary surplus, which results in the demand for bonds and bond prices going up.
The interest rate falls thus restoring balance in the money market, but at a new lower interest rate.
Перевести.
Перевести текст Banks make their profits by lending the money which customers deposit with them to others who need it for personal or business reasons?
Перевести текст Banks make their profits by lending the money which customers deposit with them to others who need it for personal or business reasons.
Most people need more money than they have currently available at some time in their lives.
To be a borrower you must be a customer of the bank because the money will be lent to you through a bank account.
There are two ways in which you may borrow.
The first, and easy, is to spend more money than you have in your current account – to overdraw.
The second, and the normal way of borrowing larger amounts or for a long period of time is the loan.
If a manager permits an overdraft on current account he is likely to set a limit to the size of the overdraft and may stipulate a date by which the account is back in credit.
Businesses whose payments and receipts are often irregular will frequently need to use overdraft facilities and they are often granted to private customers as well particularly when the manager knows that regular payments are made directly into the account.
If a loan is granted it will be a fixed sum immediately available for a fixed period of time.
The principal and the interest on it may all become due for payment at the end of that period but for personal loans it is common to arrange that the loan and interest are repaid in equal regular instalments over the period of the loan.
A separate account is opened to record the repayments as they are made.
Sometimes people do not ask for enough money because they are anxious about the burden of the repayments.
The manager will be wise enough to try and ensure that you will have sufficient amount of money to do what you want to do.
Finally we will consider whether or not you really will be able to repay and what kind of security you can offer against the possibility that you do not repay.
In the case of a business the manager may well want to see well prepared, relevant documents such as profit and loss accounts and balance sheets for the most recent years.
He would also ask about the expected return from the use of the money and want to see some figures upon which you have based your calculations.
For a business good security might be one or more of the assets of the business while personal loans are often secured by such things as life insurance policies on which the bank is making regular payment for you.
VII. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно 2, 3 и 4 абзацы?
VII. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно 2, 3 и 4 абзацы.
Demand and Supply Demand is the quantity of goods that wish to buy at each price.
Other things equal, at lot prices the demanded quantity is higher.
Supply is the quantity of goods that sellers wish to sell at each price.
Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.
The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers.
When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (storage) raising the price.
At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price.
There are some factors influencing demand for good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.
As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good will also increase but demand for an inferior good will decrease.
A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise.
An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.
As to supply, some factors are assumed as constant.
Among them are technology, the input price, as well as degree of government regulation.
An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of good as a reduction in input prices.
Помогите сократить текст для пересказа?
Помогите сократить текст для пересказа.
Why did people start using money?
At first people bartered, which means they exchanged things they had for things they needed.
A farmer who had cattle wanted to have salt, so cattle became a form of money.
Throughout their history people have used different things as money : knives and rice in China , cattle in Babylonia, tobacco in America, whales' teeth and shells on the Pacific islands.
The first government to make coins that looked alike and use them as money was probably the city of Lydia in Ancient Greece.
The coins were made from a mixture of gold and silver.
But they were heavy and difficult to carry, and the cities and the roads of Europe were dangerous places to carry huge purses with gold.
In the early 1700s, France's government became the first in Europe to make paper money - banknotes or bills as they say in the US.
But paper money, as well as first coins ever, was invented in China, where traveller Marco Polo saw it in the 1280s.
Now people carry plastic credit cards in their wallets instead o cash, which makes travellng even safer and more convenient.
With your credit card you can take money from the cash - machine any time you need it.
When you go to a foreign country, one of the first things you may see is what money looks like.
Banknotes of bifferent countries show queens or presidents or other famous people.
But you also may find a tiger or elephant (India), cows and fruit (Nigeria), a map (Norway), or even schoolchildren (Taiwan).
Many cou ntries in Europe now have the same currency ; all their coins and paper money are euros.
Great Britain, however, is still using pounds.
People in France and Italy miss their currencies - francs and lire.
But they agree that now money travels easily from one country to another.
This makes it easier to make financial deals between countries.
And tourists can use the same kind of money to pay for a slice of pizza whether it's in Italy or in France.
People travelling to other countries usually need to convert (change) their money into the local currency.
For that an exchange rate is used.
IV. Make the sentences 1) interrogative 2) negative : 1?
IV. Make the sentences 1) interrogative 2) negative : 1.
Money has gone into purchasing assets.
2. The firm has extended its resources through the use of credit.
3. The owner has invested some of his money into new businesses.
4. The company has bought assets for idle money.
5. New credits have increased the income of the purchaser.
6. The efficient cash flow has reduced the cost of productive assets.
7. Idle cash has earned no profit.
Задайте к тексту 5 специальных вопросов, 5 общих вопросов, 3 альтернативных вопроса и 3 разделительных вопроса?
Задайте к тексту 5 специальных вопросов, 5 общих вопросов, 3 альтернативных вопроса и 3 разделительных вопроса.
Demand and Supply Demand is the quantity of goods that wish to buy at each price.
Other things equal, at lot prices the demanded quantity is higher.
Supply is the quantity of goods that sellers wish to sell at each price.
Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.
The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers.
When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (storage) raising the price.
At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price.
There are some factors influencing demand for good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.
As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good will also increase but demand for an inferior good will decrease.
A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise.
An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.
As to supply, some factors are assumed as constant.
Among them are technology, the input price, as well as degree of government regulation.
An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of good as a reduction in input prices.
Where is / are the money?
Where is / are the money?
Что вставить.
Нужно вставить for или to1 We are raising money ____ cancer research?
Нужно вставить for или to
1 We are raising money ____ cancer research.
2 There are guide dogs ____ blind people.
3 Blind people have guide dogs ____ help them.
4 All this money is ____ protect animals.
5 The money is ____ the protection of animals.
Choose the right word to complete the sentences?
Choose the right word to complete the sentences.
1) - (Was / were) there any money in the box?
₋ I don`t know, but there (is / are) no money in it now.
2) Where (is / are) the coins?
(Is / Are) they on the shelf?
3) Ask Jane if the has (many / much) money.
4) Money (was / were) important in the past, money (is / are) important now.
5) Take (this / these) money and buy some fruit / 6) The money (is / are) not in the bag, (it / they) (is / are) in the moneybox.
Complete the sentences , 1) where(is / are) the money?
Complete the sentences , 1) where(is / are) the money.
Переведите пожалуйста очень срочно Unit 1?
Переведите пожалуйста очень срочно Unit 1.
READING AND THE FUNCTIONS OF MONEY Money, with its special characteristics serves many important economic functions.
Money anything that people commonly accept in exchange for goods and services.
Money has three basic func - tions.
Serves as a medium exchange a standard of value, and a store of value.
Anything that serves any of these three functions is a type of money.
Medium of exchange.
The single most important use of money is as a medium of exchange.
Medium of exchange is any item that sellers will accept in payment goods or serv - ices.
As a medium of exchange, money assists in the buying and selling of goods and services because buyers know that sellers will accept money in payment for products or services.
Standard of value.
The second use money is as a standard of value.
That is, money provides people with a way to measure the relative value of goods or services comparing the prices of products.
This way, people can judge the relative worth of different items as a television bicycle.
They can also judge the relative of two different models or brands of the same type of item by comparing prices.
Money's function as a standard value is also important to record keeping.
Businesses need figure profits and losses Similarly, governments must be able to figure tax receipts and the cost of expenditures.
Money, because it helps provide some uniformity to these accounting tasks, is also called a unit of accounting.
Store of value.
The third function or role of money is that it can be saved stored for later For money to serve as store of value, two conditions must be met.
First, the money must be nonperishable.
That is, cannot rot or otherwise deteriorate while being saved.
Second, it must keep its value over time.
Other words, the purchasing power of the money must relatively constant.
Both of these conditions are met, many people will accumulate their wealth for later use.
Not, most people will be hesitant about saving money today that will be worth little or nothing tomorrow.
Characteristic of Money To be used as money, an item must have certain character - istics.
The five major characteristics of money are durability portability, divisibility, stability in value, and acceptability.
Durability.
Durability refers to money's ability to be used over and over again.
Eggs would be a poor choice for money because they are fragile and perishable.
Metals such as gold and silver, however, are ideal because they withstand wear and tear well.
In fact, many coins minted in ancient times are still in existence.
Portability.
Money's ability to be carried from one place another and transferred from one person to another is its portability.
As a medium of exchange, money must be con - venient for people to use.
Items that are difficult to carry make poor money.
Divisibility.
Divisibility refers to money's ability to be divided into smaller units.
Combining various coins permits buyers and sellers make transactions of any size.
Divisibility enhances money's use as a standard of value because exact price comparisons between products can be made.
Stability in value and acceptability.
For money to be use ful as a store of must value.
Stability in value encourages saving and maintains money's purchasing power.
Most people who save money are confident that it will have approximately the same value when they want to buy something with it as it had when they put it into savings.
Acceptability means that people are willing to accept money in exchange for their goods or services.
People accept money because they know they, in turn, can spend it other products.
Types of Money Money comes in all shapes and sizes.
The items used as money are a reflection of the society in which they are used.
Money as a rule includes coins, paper money, checks and near money.
Checks or checkbook money usually make more than 70 percent of the nation's money supply, and nearly 90 percent of the transactions in most countries are completed by writing checks.
Because checks are payable to the holder of the check on demand, checking accounts are often called demand deposits.
Checks are representative money because they stand for the amount of money in a person's account.
They are generally accepted because the bank must pay the amount of the check when it is presented for payment.
Checks, therefore, are considered money because they are a medium of exchange, a standard of value, and a store of value.
Other financial assets are very similar to money.
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Боже мооой.
Я бы перевела но что - то много.