Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Usually a person is not qualified to use the name "economist" without a graduate degree in economics.
By this definition, there are about 100 000 economists in the US.
About half of them are academic economists, who engage in teaching, writing and doing research in colleges and universities.
They also write textbooks and journal articles, develop and test new theoretical models, provide consulting services to governments and businesses, and engage in a variety of other professional activities.
The other half of the profession works for business or government.
Business economists forecast sales and costs, help firms anticipate (or try to influence) government policy.
Some business economists work for private lobbying organizations, helping them prepare their arguments to try to affect tax laws, regulations, etc.
Which are important to particular kinds of Industries.
Government economists also perform a variety of useful tasks.
Often the government economist wears a second hat as a policy analyst.
Economists forecast tax revenues and Interest rates, analyze who gains and who loses from particular changes, monitor prices, compute total output and perform other useful tasks in the public sector.
In the broader sense, economists study the ways in which people deal with the problems of scarcity.
Перекласти текст на українську мову The development of modern economists began in 17 - th century?
Перекласти текст на українську мову The development of modern economists began in 17 - th century.
Since that time economists have developed methods for studying and explaining how individuals, business and nations use their available economic resources.
Large corporations use economists to study the way they do business and to suggest methods for making more efficient use of their employees, equipment, factories and other resources.
Economists have two ways of looking at economics and the economy.
One is macro approach and the other is the micro.
Microeconomics is the study of the economy as whole.
Microeconomics is the study of individual consumers and the business firms.
The resources that go into the creation of goods and services are called the factors of production.
The factors of production include natural resources, human resources, capital and entrepreneurship.
The price paid for the use of land is called rent.
The price paid for the use of labour is called wages.
A factory, tools and machines are capital resources.
People in business buy or sell land or natural resources if they can profit from the transaction.
Profit are remains after the costs of production have been deducated from sales.
Bad economic times affect small business more then they do big business.
Small business profits tend to fall faster and small business are more likely to fail.
Money can be anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services.
The relationship between the amount of money in circulation and level of business activity is direct.
When the money supply is increased ; consumer spending and business spending tend to increase with it.
It follows that in time of contraction and recession, an increase in the money supply will help to bring about economic recovery.
The economy is simply an abstraction that refers to the sum of all our individual how to allocate scarce resources.
A rise in the average price is reffered to as inflation.
Inflation is an increase in the average level of prices.
Not a change in any specific price.
Price stability is the absence of significant changes in the average price level.
Money is important to an economy because it lowers transaction costs.
Money often becomes a convenient way of measuring economic activity.
A good is something tangible that is produced and consumed, often having been purchased in a market.
A market is created when those who willingly supply a good, service or resource exchange with those who desire to use, control or consume a good, service or resource.
Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст?
Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст.
Economics Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and goods and services.
The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek oikonomia (“management of a household, administration”).
Current economic models emerged from the broader field of political economy in the late 19th century.
Classic economies concentrates on how the forces of supply and demand allocate scare products’ and resources.
A primary stimulus for the development of modern economics was the desire to use an empirical approach more akin to the physical sciences.
Economics aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.
Economic analysis is applied throughout society in business, finance and government but also in crime, education, the family, health, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war and science.
At the turn of the 21st century, the expanding domain of Economics in the social sciences was described as economic imperialism.
Common distinctions are drawn between various dimensions of economics.
The primary distinction is between microeconomics, which examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy, including individual markets and agents (such as consumers and firms, buyers and sellers), and macroeconomics, which examines issues affecting an entire economy, including unemployment, inflation, economic growth, monetary and fiscal policy.
Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by both governments and large corporations to assist in the development and evaluation of economics policy and business strategy.
Iх. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы : 1.
What does classic economies concentrate on?
2. When was the expanding domain of Economics in the social sciences described as economic imperialism?
3. Who uses macroeconomic models and their forecasts?
Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определяя видовременную форму глаголов?
Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.
1. Usually a person is not qualified to use the name "economist" without a graduate degree in economics.
2. The half of economists works for business or government.
3. Different films have used the help of economists.
4. An economist will forecast tax revenues and interest rates.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определяя видовременную форму глаголов?
Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.
1. Usually a person is not qualified to use the name "economist" without a graduate degree in economics.
2. The half of economists works for business or government.
3. Different films have used the help of economists.
4. An economist will forecast tax revenues and interest rates.
Перевести текстAreas of EconomicsThere are three main dimensional approaches to economics : microeconomics, macroeconomics and development economics?
Перевести текст
Areas of Economics
There are three main dimensional approaches to economics : microeconomics, macroeconomics and development economics.
Microeconomics focuses on individual economic units.
The economic behaviour of either individual consumers or firms or whole industries is studied by microeconomics.
The distribution and consumption of products and income received among all these units is also analyzed by microeconomics.
In this field of economics individuals are considered both as suppliers of labour and as consumers of goods.
Firms are also studied both as suppliers and as consumers of labour and capital.
There was a long period in the 19th and in the early 20th centuries when microeconomic questions dominated in the national economics.
In the 20th century economists’ interest in forces that affect income, employment and prices grew.
And they considered economy in all its relationships.
The term “macroeconomics” was first used in the 1930s.
The world political and economic depression that began in 1929 required the study of such macroeconomic questions as achievement of full employment and economic growth by means of proper government policies.
This area of economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes.
The third main field of economics - development economics studies the factors of economic growth, and how these factors are used by governments in order to achieve high living standards in the country.
Microeconomics studies particular firms, households, banks etc?
Microeconomics studies particular firms, households, banks etc.
Business organizations may be considered as firms or companies.
They produce goods or render services.
They also rent or purchase buildings, land, and equipment.
They market and advertise their products.
They deal with government and courts, as well as with banks, insurance companies.
From the legal point of view there are three basic kinds of business firms : 1) proprietorships, 2) partnerships and 3) corporations.
A proprietorship is simply a one owner firm.
The proprietor is responsible for all personal and business debts and losses, he provides the capital and executes the total management.
To start the business of this kind it is necessary to obtain licenses required by the law.
The proprietorship form has several advantages, such as : simplicity of organization, freedom to make all decisions, tax advantages etc.
Among disadvantages the following are worth mentioning : possible lack of ability and experience, difficulty in raising capital.
Partnerships are firms owned jointly by two or more persons who are co - owners of business.
Partnerships are based on agreement, which should cover all areas of possible disagreement among the partners.
Advantages of the partnership may be combined talents, judgments, skills as well as larger capital and tax advantages.
Disadvantages of this form are divided authority, danger of disagreement etc.
Corporation is a firm owned by a group of people, called stockholders, and given rights, privileges and liabilities by law.
The advantages of the corporation are the variety of skills, abilities and ideas, ease of expansion.
Disadvantages of this form of ownership may be as follows : government regulation, profit sharing, taxes.
Corporation has the right to conduct business as if it were one person.
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Переведите текст «Taxation planning»The governments of some countries use the taxation system to promote investment?
Переведите текст «Taxation planning»
The governments of some countries use the taxation system to promote investment.
Taxation laws are enacted to encourage domestic and international corporation to either invest or raise capital, and tax breaks are given to specific industries or to certain types of expenses to attract investors and consumers.
As a result of there taxation measures, there is significant score for taxation planning in some countries and companies would be well advised to use such opportunities to structure their business in the most tax effective manner.
For effective taxation planning, companies rely on tax specialists who must have an excellent under - standing of both their client’s business and the various taxation laws.
Companies turn to their tax advisers for help on all the taxes for which they are liable, such as income tax, sales tax, property tax and payroll tax.
There tax specialists are normally Chartered Accountants and CPAs who are not only involved in the preparation of tax returns (compliance), but who also give advice on a multinational company’s domestic and foreign operations (consulting).
Furthermore, they represent their clients before the tax authorities.
11. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выраже - ний :Производство благ, распределение, потребление товаров и услуг, в больших количествах, удовлетворение их нужд, экономические?
11. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выраже - ний :
Производство благ, распределение, потребление товаров и услуг, в больших количествах, удовлетворение их нужд, экономические блага, при - родные (бесплатные) блага, доставляются, услуги предоставляются, дефицит, состояние экономики, процветает, во время (экономического) бума, потреби - тели, покупают предметы роскоши, во время (экономического) спада, безра - ботица, доходы, деятельность правительства, играет важную роль.
12. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы :
l.
Is economics an old science?
2. What is economics?
3. What does wealth comprise?
4. When does consumption of goods rise and fall?
5. Do the actions of the government influence the economy of the country?
Economics Economics is the oldest of all the social sciences.
The study of this science helps people to understand the development of civilization and modem economic situation.
Economics is the study of the production of wealth and the distribution and consumption of goods and services in a society.
Wealth comprises goods and services.
Goods are things people produce and use.
Manufacturing goods and growing agricultural products in large quantities aim at selling them to the people and satisfying their needs.
There are economic goods and free goods.
Economic goods are the things people buy.
They are cars, TV sets, cassette - recorders, food products, clothes and others.
Free goods are things that people have without paying for them.
They are air, sunshine, and water in rivers and streams.
Services are also provided to meet the public needs.
A society has postal, fi - nancial, repair, transport services, communications, training, etc.
At present the na - tional economies of many countries are shifting to services and high - technology businesses.
Goods and services are distributed among the people in a society and the parts of a country.
Products are delivered to shops, cafes, restaurants, cinemas and other businesses.
Services are supplied to individuals, groups of people, and organ - izations.
Economics deals with the methods of distribution of goods and services and the problem of their scarcity.
Consumption is buying and using things and services.
The level of consump - tion depends on the state of the economy.
When a country prospers in the boom days, consumers have a lot of money and purchase many things including luxury items.
In a recession unemployment rises, incomes fall ; consumers buy fewer things and prefer cheaper items.
Economics also deals with the system according to which the money, indus - try, agriculture and trade of a nation are organized.
A country's economy is the wealth that it gets from business and industry.
The economy comprises people, companies, the government and local authorities.
The activities of the government play an important part in the economic sphere.
The actions of the government in - fluence production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
The profession of an economist is very important in modern life.
Economists develop models of the working of the economy.
They predict economic trends and help the government and companies to take decisions in economic policy and busi - ness.
Перефразируйте предложения, употребив глагол в страдательном залоге1?
Перефразируйте предложения, употребив глагол в страдательном залоге
1.
Banks are providing new services for consumers this year.
2. Economists use models to study actual relations in an economy.
3. The economists have predicted the growth of unemployment recently.
4. We consider individuals as suppliers of labour and capital.
5. The government will achieve high employment next year.
6. The economist chose correct methods and models for his analysis.
7. They are employing many workers this week.
8. He didn’t write the book in 1967, he finished it a year later.
Вставить пропущенные словаany hopeno moneya lot of helpno worksome moneyno homesome problemsany peopleno peopleA lot of people in the world are very poor and some have ?
Вставить пропущенные слова
any hope
no money
a lot of help
no work
some money
no home
some problems
any people
no people
A lot of people in the world are very poor and some have .
At all.
Sometimes these people had good jobs and then perhaps their business had .
And suddenly they had .
And .
Sometimes they don't have .
For the future, either.
Are there .
Like that in your town?
In some countries these people get .
, there is .
From the government every year to help them.
But in other countries there are .
To help them.
Вопрос 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст?, расположенный на этой странице сайта, относится к категории Английский язык и соответствует программе для 10 - 11 классов. Если ответ не удовлетворяет в полной мере, найдите с помощью автоматического поиска похожие вопросы, из этой же категории, или сформулируйте вопрос по-своему. Для этого ключевые фразы введите в строку поиска, нажав на кнопку, расположенную вверху страницы. Воспользуйтесь также подсказками посетителей, оставившими комментарии под вопросом.
Обычно
человек не имеет права использовать название «экономист» без дипломника
по экономике.
По этому определению в США насчитывается около 100 000
экономистов.
Около половины из них являются академическими экономистами, которые
участвуют в преподавании, написании и проведении исследований в
колледжах и университетах.
Они также пишут учебники и журнальные статьи,
разрабатывают и тестируют новые теоретические модели, оказывают
консалтинговые услуги правительствам и предприятиям, а также участвуют
во множестве других профессиональных мероприятий.
Другая половина
профессии работает для бизнеса или правительства.
Бизнес - экономисты
прогнозируют продажи и затраты, помогают фирмам предвидеть (или пытаться
влиять) на политику правительства.
Некоторые бизнес - экономисты работают
для частного лоббирования Организаций, Помогая им подготовить свои
аргументы, чтобы попытаться повлиять на налоговое законодательство,
правила и т.
Д. , Которые важны для конкретных видов промышленности.
Правительственные экономисты также выполняют множество полезных задач.
Часто правительственный экономист носит вторую шляпу в качестве политического аналитика.
Экономисты прогнозируют налоговые поступления и процентные ставки,
анализируют, кто выигрывает и кто теряет от определенных изменений,
контролирует цены, вычисляет общий объем производства и выполняет другие
полезные задачи в государственном секторе.
В более широком смысле, экономисты изучают способы, которыми люди имеют дело с проблемами дефицита.
Обычно лицо не вправе использовать название "экономист", не имея диплом экономиста.
Согласно этому определению, есть около 100 000 экономисты в сша.
Около половины из них являются академические экономисты, которые занимаются преподавательской, писать и проведению исследований в колледжах и университетах.
Они также писать учебники и журнальные статьи, разработки и испытания новых теоретических моделей, консультирование правительства и бизнес, и участвовать в различных других профессиональной деятельности.
Другая половина юристов работает для бизнеса или правительства.
Экономисты прогноз продаж и затрат, помочь компании прогнозировать (или пытаться оказывать влияние на) политики правительства.
Некоторые экономисты работу для частных лоббистских организаций, помощь в подготовке их аргументы, чтобы попытаться повлиять на налоговых законов, постановлений и т.
Д. , которые важны для конкретных видов промышленности.
Правительственные экономисты также выполняют целый ряд важных задач.
Зачастую правительства экономист носит второй шляпу как политический аналитик.
Экономисты прогнозируют доходы от налогов и процентных ставок, анализ, который получает и кто проиграет от конкретных изменений, мониторинг цен, вычислить общий объем производства и выполнения других важных задач в государственном секторе.
В более широком смысле, экономисты изучить способы, с помощью которых людям решать проблемы дефицита.