Английский язык | 10 - 11 классы
Истинно или ложно высказывание 1.
A particular legal system is closely connected with the history, political structure, and social values of the country.
2. The legal system is fixed once and forever.
3. The law system is a universal thing.
4. Roman law has developed in the United States.
5. Japan, being isolated from the Continent, wasn't influenced by any of the world traditions of law.
In order to understand why a particular country has a particular legal system, it is necessary to look at its history, political structure and social values.
When there is political and social upheaval, one of the main concerns of a new government is to revise the legal system.
Britain has had an unusual degree of political continuity.
Despite civil wars in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries and enormous social changes associated with industrialization, England and Wales have retained many laws and legal principles that originated eight centuries ago.
On the other hand, most of the law of Japan, which experienced the rapid upheaval of the Meiji Restoration and foreign occupation after the Second World War, was developed within the last century.
Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law.
However it is generally true to say that there are two main traditions of law in the world.
One is based on English Common law, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States.
The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, was developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa, which have been strongly influenced by Europe.
Continental law has also influenced Japan and several socialist countries.
Sources of Law The unique characteristic of American law is that a very substantial part of it is not to be found in statutes enacted by legislatures but rather in cases decided by the courts?
Sources of Law The unique characteristic of American law is that a very substantial part of it is not to be found in statutes enacted by legislatures but rather in cases decided by the courts.
This concept of decided cases as a source of law comes to the USA from England.
As a matter of fact, the US legal system is patterned after the English legal system rather than that of the rest of Europe or any other part of the world.
The continental countries have codified their laws — reduced them to statutes — so that the main source of law in those countries is to be found in the statutes rather than in the cases.
In the USA statutes must be in keeping with the constitutions - federal and state - and the courts can overrule a statute that is found to violate constitutional provisions.
Statutes and constitutions are classified as "written law".
Also included under this heading are treaties that by the federal constitution are also a part of the law of the land.
Case law, as opposed to written law, is not set forth formally but is derived from an analysis of each case that uncovers what legal propositions the case stands for.
ПЕРЕВЕСТИ ТЕКСТ Sources of Law The unique characteristic of American law is that a very substantial part of it is not to be found in statutes enacted by legislatures but rather in cases decided by the?
ПЕРЕВЕСТИ ТЕКСТ Sources of Law The unique characteristic of American law is that a very substantial part of it is not to be found in statutes enacted by legislatures but rather in cases decided by the courts.
This concept of decided cases as a source of law comes to the USA from England.
As a matter of fact, the US legal system is patterned after the English legal system rather than that of the rest of Europe or any other part of the world.
The continental countries have codified their laws — reduced them to statutes — so that the main source of law in those countries is to be found in the statutes rather than in the cases.
In the USA statutes must be in keeping with the constitutions - federal and state - and the courts can overrule a statute that is found to violate constitutional provisions.
Statutes and constitutions are classified as "written law".
Also included under this heading are treaties that by the federal constitution are also a part of the law of the land.
Case law, as opposed to written law, is not set forth formally but is derived from an analysis of each case that uncovers what legal propositions the case stands for.
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The United States of America is the 4th largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China.
It lies in the central part of the North American Continent between the two oceans : the Atlantic Ocean in the East and the Pacific Ocean in the West.
Canada in the North and Mexico in the South are the only countries that have borders with the USA.
The total area of the USA is about 9 million square kilometres.
The country is washed by 3 oceans : The Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific.
The country has many lakes, including the Great Lakes and many rivers, the longest of which are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia and others.
The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Appalachian, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.
The highest peak, Mount McKinley, is in Alaska.
The climate conditions are rather various.
The country is rich in natural and mineral resources : oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals.
The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country.
The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio engineering and others.
Nowadays the USA is one of the leading powers of the world due to its economic, political and military influence.
The United States of America is a federal state and a parliamentary republic, headed by the President.
According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches : legislative (the Congress), executive (the President), and judicial (the Supreme Court).
The Congress has two houses — the Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country.
There are two main political parties in the United States : the Democratic Party (their symbol is a donkey), and the Republican Party (their symbol is an elephant).
The president is elected for a 4 - year term and not more than two times.
25 БАЛЛОВ ПОМОГИТЕ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА СДЕЛАТЬ ПЕРЕВОД НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК ( БЕЗ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА?
25 БАЛЛОВ ПОМОГИТЕ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА СДЕЛАТЬ ПЕРЕВОД НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК ( БЕЗ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА!
)
although britain is a unitary state, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland all have their own legal systems, with considerable differences in law, organisation and practice However, a large amount of modern legislation applies throughout Britain
The legal system of England and Wales comprises both an historic body of conventions known as common law and equity, as well as statute law and European Union legislation
Common law, which is based on custom , made and interpreted in court cases by judjes, forms the basis of the law except when superseded by legislation Equity law is a system of law OR body of principles originating in the English Court of Chancery ; it consists of a body of historic rules and principles which are applied by the courts.
Statute(statutory) law consists of acts of parliament and acts of delegated legislation.
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Максимально приближенный к этому
Britain is a democratic country.
Britain has links with many countries of the world.
It is a member of many international organizations, including the European Union, the United Nations, the Commonwealth and others.
Britain is recognized as an industrial state.
It trades with many countries of the world.
International trade plays a great role in its economy.
It is one of the largest exporters of goods and services of high quality.
Britain ranks among the richest countries of the world that have a high standard of living.
Britain leads the world in the field of education.
Its universities and institutions of higher education provide wide opportunities for people with different interests and abilities .
Young people from all parts of the world come to study there.
Britain’s achievements in science and technology are known throughout the world.
In the fields of arts, media and sport, Britain has an international reputation.
Britain’s rich history, famous sights and beautiful landscapes attract tourists from all over the world.
Britain’s influence on the world has been enormous.
British sport and culture, ideas and inventions have been exported to every part of the world.
НУЖНО 12 - 15 простых предложений на следующие темы (на английском)1?
НУЖНО 12 - 15 простых предложений на следующие темы (на английском)
1.
What is law
2.
The legal education in UK and USA
3.
Legal professions in the UK and the USA
4.
The branches of power in the UK and the USA
5.
Law Enforcement Agencies in the UK and the USA (the work of police).
Common LawCommon Law or case law refers to unwritten law system in Great Britain which is generally derived from cases decided by courts and not from a statute?
Common Law
Common Law or case law refers to unwritten law system in Great Britain which is generally derived from cases decided by courts and not from a statute.
Common Law has been administered in the courts of England since the Middle Ages ; it is also found in Canada the US and in most of the British Commonwealth.
The Common Law is based on the principle of deciding cases by the reverence to previous judicial decisions rather than written statutes drafted by legislative bodies.
The main principle of that system is to consider unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions.
General rules or precedents are guidelines for judges deciding similar cases.
Common Law system can be contrasted to the civil - law system, based on ancient Roman Law, found in the continental Europe.
Civil - law judges decide cases by referring statutory principles, common - Law judges focus on the facts of specific case and similar previous cases.
These case - by - case decisions are used again and again in similar cases and become customary, or common to all people living under the authority of the court of law.
However, sometimes judges may reveal new and different facts, such as changing social technology conditions.
A common - law judge is then free to depart from precedent and establish a new rule or decision, which sets a new precedent and will be used judges in other cases.
So, judge continue to shape guide the future development of English law, drawing on the flexibility of principles of common law tradition.
Переведите текст пожалуйста 2?
Переведите текст пожалуйста 2.
Each country in the world has its own system of law.
However, it is generally true to say that there are two main tra - ditions of law in the world.
One is based on English сommon law, and has been adopted by most of the United States.
The other tradition, sometimes known as сontinental, or Roman law, has developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa which have been strongly influenced by Europe.
3. Common law, or case law systems, particularly that of England, differ from сontinental law in having developed grad - ually throughout history, not as a result of government attempts to define or codify every legal relation.
Customs and court rulings have been as important as statutes (government legislation).
Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, since their interpretations may become prece - dents for other courts to follow.
4. Before William of Normandy invaded England in 1066, law was administered by a series of local courts and no law was common to the whole kingdom.
The Norman kings sent travel - ling judges around the country and gradually a “common law”developed, under the authority of three common law courts in London.
Judges dealt with both criminal cases and civil dis - putes between individuals.
Although local and ancient customs played their part, uniform application of the law throughout the country was promoted by the gradual development of the doc - trine of precedent.
5. By this principle, judges attempted to apply existing cus - toms and laws to each new case, rather then looking to the gov - ernment to write new laws.
If the essential elements of a case were the same as those of previous recorded cases, the judge was bound to reach the same decision regarding guilt or inno - cence.
If no precedent could be found, then the judge made a decision based upon existing legal principles, and his decision would become a precedent for other courts to follow when a similar case arose.
The doctrine of precedent is still a central feature of modern common law systems.
Courts are bound by the decisions of previous courts unless in can be shown that the facts differ from previous cases.
Sometimes governments make new laws — statutes — to modify or clarify the common law, or to make rules where none existed before.
But even statutes often need to be interpreted by the courts in order to fit par - ticular cases, and these interpretations become new prece - dents.
In common law systems, the law is, thus, found not only in government statues, but also in the historical records of cases.
6. Another important feature of the common law tradition is equity.
By the fourteenth century many people in England were dissatisfied with the inflexibility of the common law, and a practice developed of appealing directly to the king or to his chief legal administrator, the lord chancellor.
As the lord chan - cellor’s court became more willing to modify existing common law in order to solve disputes, a new system of law developed alongside the common law.
This system recognized rights that were not enforced as common law but which were considered “equitable”, or just, such as the right to force someone to fulfil a contract rather than simply pay damages for breaking it.
The courts of common law and of equity existed alongside each other for centuries.
If an equitable principle would bring a dif - ferent result from a common law ruling on the same case, then the general rule was that equity should prevail.
In 1873, the two systems were unified, and nowadays a lawyer can pursue com - mon law and equitable claims in the same court.
A Constitution is a system or body of fundamental principles and laws according to which nation or state is?
A Constitution is a system or body of fundamental principles and laws according to which nation or state is.
The Constitution of the United States was formed in 1787.
It is a .
Brief document of some 12 pages.
For over 200 years it has guided the evolution of govermental institutions and has provided the basis gor political stability, individual freedom, economic and social progress.
The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong.
Government.
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1. The official name of Great Britain is «Union Jack».
2. The UK includes England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
3. The territory of the UK is rather large.
4. Great Britain is one the most densely populated countries in the world.
5. There are 2 official languages in the UK.
6. Great Britain is a country with new traditions and customs.
7. The UK is one of the most highly developed industrial counties in the world.
8. This country is the world largest producer of different machinery and electronics.
9. The capital of the country, London, is one of the world largest ports.
10. The head of the state is the Queen.
11. The British Government is also headed by the Queen.
12. The UK has a single - party system
вот текст
Great Britain has the official name – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (or UK – for short).
It is situated on the British Isles.
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are the parts of Great Britain.
Administratively the UK is divided into 55 countries.
The total territory is over 244 thousand square kilometers (the 75th place among other countries in the world).
The population of the UK is over 57 mln.
Great Britain is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.
The majority of the British population lives in cities and towns.
The country is washed by the North and Irish Seas, the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel.
North and West of the country are highlands, South and East – lowlands.
The highest mountain of the UK is Ben Nevis in Scotland.
There are many rivers in the country.
The longest and most important of them are the Severn, the Thames and Clyde.
The climate is mild due to the mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial power.
It possesses some mineral resources : coal, iron ores, oil, gas and some metals.
The country is known as one of the world largest producers and exporters of electronics and machinery, chemicals and textile, various aircraft and navigation equipment.
Among the main industrial branches are also coal - mining, automobile, ship - building, metallurgical.
The capital of the country is London.
It is the largest political, cultural and industrial centre of the country and one of the largest ports of the world.
Its population is over 11 mln.
People.
Among the largest cities of the UK are Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, Belfast and Cardiff.
Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs.
The official language of the state is English.
The national symbol of the UK is «Union Jack» - the British state flag having 3 white and red crosses on the dark blue field.
The weave of crosses symbolized power and might.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.
Officially the head of the state is the Queen.
But her power is not absolute, it is limited by the Parliament.
The British Parliament is the oldest parliament in the world.
It consists of 2 chambers : the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
The British Government is headed by the Prime Minister – the leader of the party having the majority in the House of Commons.
The prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.
There are several political parties in the UK.
The largest and most influential of them are the Conservative (the Tory), the Liberal (the Whigs) and Labour Party.
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1. True 2.
False 3.
True 4.
False 5.
False.